Asthma and Wheezing Are Associated with Depression and Anxiety in Adults: An Analysis from 54 Countries
Table 2
Odds ratios and 95% confident intervals of diagnosed depression and 30-day anxiety on current chest tightness and current shortness of breath in adults by region and country.
Current chest tightness
Current shortness of breath
Country*
30-day anxiety
Diagnosed depression
30-day anxiety
Diagnosed depression
Adjusted OR (95% CI)†
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
South Pacific
Australia‡
3.5 (2.6–4.8)
3.3 (2.2–4.9)
W. Europe
Estonia
4.4 (2.9–6.6)
1.7 (1.2–2.6)
2.3 (1.4–3.6)
2.3 (1.1–4.6)
Finland‡
1.5 (0.8–2.6)
3.1 (1.7–5.5)
France‡
3.8 (2.0–7.1)
3.8 (1.6–9.1)
Ireland‡
8.7 (4.4–16.9)
9.4 (4.4–20.0)
Latvia
5.1 (2.6–10.2)
4.7 (2.5–9.0)
2.3 (1.1–5.0)
6.2 (3.0–13.1)
Luxembourg‡
3.9 (2.2–7.1)
3.7 (1.8–7.4)
Norway‡
2.5 (1.5–4.2)
1.6 (0.6–4.3)
Portugal‡
3.5 (2.3–5.4)
4.0 (2.7–5.7)
Spain
3.7 (2.8–4.9)
1.9 (1.5–2.5)
3.3 (2.4–4.6)
2.1 (1.6–2.9)
Sweden‡
2.5 (1.3–4.8)
3.0 (1.1–8.6)
E. Europe
Croatia
2.2 (1.4–3.4)
2.3 (1.2–4.5)
2.2 (1.3–3.8)
3.6 (1.7–7.8)
Czech Rep.
5.0 (2.3–10.9)
0.8 (0.3–1.8)
1.6 (0.7–3.8)
4.7 (1.7–13.4)
Hungary
2.2 (1.5–3.0)
2.2 (1.4–3.3)
2.5 (1.8–3.5)
3.3 (2.2–5.2)
Russia
1.8 (1.1–2.8)
4.6 (1.7–12.3)
2.1 (1.3–3.6)
6.8 (2.1–21.5)
Ukraine
2.9 (2.1–4.1)
2.9 (1.6–5.1)
3.5 (2.0–6.2)
3.1 (1.9–5.4)
America
Brazil
2.6 (2.1–3.2)
2.3 (1.9–2.7)
2.6 (2.0–3.5)
2.3 (1.9–2.9)
Dominican
2.2 (1.6–3.1)
2.4 (1.7–3.4)
2.6 (1.5–4.6)
3.4 (1.9–6.0)
Ecuador
2.3 (1.4–3.6)
4.0 (2.7–5.9)
1.9 (0.9–3.9)
4.0 (2.2–7.2)
Mexico
3.3 (2.9–3.8)
3.3 (2.5–4.3)
3.7 (3.1–4.5)
3.3 (2.6–4.3)
Paraguay
2.6 (2.1–3.3)
1.9 (1.3–2.7)
2.7 (2.0–3.5)
2.9 (2.0–4.1)
Uruguay
2.7 (1.7–4.4)
3.2 (2.7–3.9)
2.9 (2.1–4.1)
3.6 (2.4–5.2)
Middle East
Georgia
2.4 (1.6–3.5)
1.8 (1.3–2.6)
2.6 (1.8–3.8)
2.0 (0.9–4.5)
Israel‡
4.2 (2.5–7.0)
3.1 (1.7–5.7)
Turkey
2.4 (2.0–2.8)
1.5 (1.2–1.8)
2.2 (1.7–2.9)
2.2 (1.6–3.0)
UAE
3.1 (1.6–6.2)
6.7 (2.8–16.4)
2.7 (1.0–7.3)
5.4 (2.2–13.4)
Africa
Burkina Faso
3.1 (2.1–4.6)
9.5 (4.5–20.1)
3.6 (2.5–5.1)
10.2 (4.4–23.4)
Chad
2.5 (1.8–3.5)
13.1 (6.5–26.2)
3.2 (2.0–5.1)
24.1 (11.4–50.9)
Comoros
1.5 (0.99–2.4)
7.1 (2.4–20.9)
1.7 (1.0–3.0)
10.5 (3.4–32.5)
Cote d'Ivoire
3.5 (2.3–5.2)
6.6 (3.1–14.0)
2.8 (1.8–4.3)
9.7 (4.5–20.8)
Ethiopia
2.6 (1.9–3.5)
4.8 (3.0–7.6)
2.4 (1.7–3.4)
5.9 (3.7–9.4)
Ghana
2.0 (1.3–3.1)
3.0 (1.0–8.5)
1.7 (1.1–2.6)
3.5 (1.2–10.6)
Kenya
2.8 (1.8–4.5)
1.0 (0.5–2.3)
2.2 (1.5–3.1)
1.2 (0.5–2.9)
Malawi
2.7 (2.1–3.6)
4.2 (2.2–8.3)
2.6 (1.9–3.5)
6.8 (3.2–14.6)
Mauritania
1.6 (1.2–2.1)
12.4 (7.1–21.6)
1.6 (1.1–2.2)
23.0 (12.3–43.0)
Mauritius
1.9 (1.3–2.9)
4.2 (2.6–6.8)
2.7 (1.6–4.5)
4.3 (2.6–7.0)
Morocco
n/a
3.0 (1.8–5.0)
n/a
3.1 (1.8–5.4)
Namibia
3.8 (2.7–5.2)
3.1 (2.0–4.7)
2.3 (1.6–3.4)
4.5 (2.9–7.1)
Senegal
3.8 (2.6–5.6)
2.2 (0.8–6.1)
2.5 (1.7–3.8)
3.7 (1.5–9.2)
S. Africa
2.5 (1.8–3.3)
3.0 (1.7–5.3)
2.4 (1.6–3.5)
3.6 (1.9–7.0)
Tunisia
4.0 (3.1–5.3)
1.6 (1.0–2.4)
3.2 (2.2–4.6)
3.1 (2.0–4.9)
Zimbabwe
2.0 (1.5–2.6)
2.3 (1.5–3.6)
1.8 (1.3–2.4)
2.4 (1.5–4.1)
Asia
Bangladesh
3.1 (2.3–4.2)
4.0 (2.5–6.6)
2.8 (1.9–4.2)
2.9 (1.6–5.1)
China
5.3 (2.8–9.7)
5.5 (1.3–23.8)
4.8 (2.4–9.3)
4.5 (0.6–33.8)
India
4.0 (3.1–5.1)
2.0 (1.6–2.6)
3.1 (2.2–4.4)
2.6 (2.0–3.4)
Kazakhstan
1.0 (0.7–1.4)
2.3 (0.9–6.4)
0.8 (0.6–1.2)
2.4 (0.8–7.0)
Laos
2.1 (1.6–2.9)
3.4 (1.8–6.5)
2.5 (1.5–3.9)
4.8 (2.5–9.2)
Malaysia
3.8 (3.0–4.8)
2.8 (1.6–4.7)
4.1 (2.8–6.0)
2.4 (1.6–4.7)
Myanmar
3.5 (2.3–5.3)
6.0 (2.6–13.6)
4.4 (3.0–6.6)
7.5 (2.9–20.0)
Nepal
2.1 (1.8–2.5)
2.1 (1.8–2.4)
1.5 (1.3–1.9)
1.8 (1.5–2.1)
Pakistan
3.7 (2.8–5.0)
3.9 (2.2–6.8)
2.8 (1.7–4.5)
4.4 (2.4–7.9)
Philippines
1.8 (1.5–2.1)
7.5 (5.5–10.2)
1.9 (1.5–2.5)
8.6 (6.1–12.3)
Sri Lanka
0.9 (0.6–1.3)
6.4 (3.2–12.9)
1.0 (0.8–1.4)
8.1 (3.4–19.1)
Vietnam
6.5 (3.9–10.7)
2.0 (0.3–16.9)
6.0 (2.9–12.5)
5.1 (0.9–28.3)
*All ORs are derived from the final multiple logistic models containing age, sex, 30-day anxiety, and diagnosed depression. †Bolded ORs are statistically significant at . ‡30-day anxiety is unavailable due to the use of short WHS questionnaire; ORs are adjusted for age and sex. Missing >25% of data.
