Surgical and Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Table 1

Patient characterization for LVRS (adapted with modification [32]).

Indication (non-high-risk, better outcome chance)	Contraindication (high-risk)
(1) Age <75 years; (2) Marked dyspnea; MRC score >3; (3) Severe emphysema: hyperinflation: TLC >125% of predicted, RV/TLC >0.65, and FEV1 <35% of predicted; (4) Upper-lobe predominant emphysema (ULP) with low exercise capacity	(1) Severe parenchymal loss with DLCO <20% of predicted; (2) FEV1 <20%; (3) Pulmonary hypertension; mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure >35; (4) Coronary artery disease.; (5) Homogenously [33] distributed emphysema