Review Article
PPAR Agonists: Potential as Therapeutics for Neovascular Retinopathies
Table 2
Growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and
other proinflammatory mediators upregulated by angiotensin II stimulation. ET-1,
endothelin-1; TGF-, transforming growth factor-; CTGF, connective tissue
growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; PDGF-AA, platelet-derived
growth factor-AA homodimer; EGF, epidermal growth factor; VEGF, vascular
endothelial cell growth factor; IL, interleukin; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor; TNF-, tumor necrosis factor-; MCP-1, monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; NF-κB, nuclear
factor-κB; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes; STAT, signal transducer and activator of
transcription; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and
secreted; IFN-, interferon-; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1;
AP-1, activated protein-1. (Adapted with permission from: R. E. Schmieder, K. F. Hilgers, M. P. Schlaich, B. M. Schmidt, “Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk.” Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9568, pp. 1208-1219, 2007.)
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