Activated PPAR𝛾 Targets Surface and Intracellular Signals That Inhibit the Proliferation of Lung Carcinoma Cells

Table 2

PPARγ-independent signals triggered by PPARγ ligands.

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(2) PPARγ ligands stimulate cancer cell growth and reduce apoptosis via:

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↑ Wnt signaling and oncogenes (e.g., cyclin D1, β-catenin, c-myc)

↑ Tumor suppressors (e.g., LKB1, AMPK, TSC2)

↑ ROS production and ERK activation (note that this also occurs in PPARγ-dependent pathways)

↓ Effects on transcription factors (e.g., AP-1, NF-κB, Smads, Sp1, CRE)

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