The Role of NF-𝜅B in PPAR𝛼-Mediated Hepatocarcinogenesis

Table 1

Effect of peroxisome proliferators on the activation of NF-κB in the liver in vivo.

Authors	Species	Agent	Dose	Time Points	Endpoint	Effect
Li et al., 1996 [45]	Rats	Ciprofibrate	0.01% in diet	3, 6, 10 days	EMSA	Increased
Ohmura et al., 1996 [47]	Rats	BR-931	250 mg/kg single p.o. dose	0.5–5 hr after single dose	EMSA	No effect
Menegazzi et al., 1997 [48]	Rats	Nafenopin	200 mg/kg single p.o. dose	0.5–24 hr after single dose	EMSA	No effect
Nilakantan et al., 1998 [16]	Mice	Ciprofibrate	0.01% in diet	21 days	EMSA	Increased
Espandiari et al., 1998 [49]	Rats	Dicamba	1 or 3% in diet	7 days	EMSA	Increased
Rusyn et al., 1998 [50]	Rats	Wy-14,643	100 mg/kg single p.o. dose	1–36 hr after single dose	EMSA	Increased at 2 and 8 hr; no change at 1, 24, and 36 hr
Rusyn et al., 2000 [51]	Rats	Wy-14,643	100 mg/kg single p.o. dose	2 hr after single dose	EMSA	Increased
	Mice	Wy-14,643	100 mg/kg single p.o. dose	2–24 hr after single dose	EMSA	Increased
Delerive et al., 2000 [52]	Mice	Ciprofibrate	0.05% in diet	2 weeks	IκBα expression	Increased in wild-type but not PPARα  −/− mice
Tharappel et al., 2001 [53]	Rats	Wy-14,643	0.05 or 0.005% in diet	6, 34, 90 days	EMSA	Increased
		Gemfibrozil	0.1 or 1.6% in diet	6, 34 days	EMSA	No effect
		Gemfibrozil	0.1 or 1.6% in diet	90 days	EMSA	Increased only at lower dose
		Dibutyl phthalate	0.5 or 2.0% in diet	6 days	EMSA	No effect
		Dibutyl phthalate	0.5 or 2.0% in diet	34, 90 days	EMSA	Increased
	Hamsters	Wy-14,643	0.05 or 0.005% in diet	6, 34, 90 days	EMSA	No effect
		Gemfibrozil	0.6 or 2.4% in diet	6, 34, 90 days	EMSA	No effect
		Dibutyl phthalate	0.5 or 2.0% in diet	6, 34, 90 days	EMSA	No effect
Fischer et al., 2002 [54]	Rats	Wy-14,643	0.1% in diet	10 days	EMSA	Increased
Tharappel et al., 2003 [38]	Mice	Ciprofibrate	0.01% in diet	10 days	EMSA	Increased
Calfee-Mason et al., 2004 [17]	Rats	Ciprofibrate	0.01% in diet	10 days	EMSA	Increased
Nanji et al., 2004 [55]	Rats	Clofibrate	100 mg/kg p.o. daily + fish oil	4 weeks	EMSA	No effect compared to fish oil alone; decreased ethanol-induced activation
Woods et al., 2007 [56]	Mice	Wy-14,643	0.1% in diet	1 week, 5 weeks, 5 months	EMSA	Increased in wild-type and NADPH oxidase-deficient mice; no effect in PPARα-deficient mice
Calfee-Mason et al., 2008 [57]	Mice	Ciprofibrate	0.01% in diet	10 days	EMSA	Increased