Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-𝜸 Ligands: Potential Pharmacological Agents for Targeting the Angiogenesis Signaling Cascade in Cancer

Table 1

Effects of PPAR- ligands on tumor angiogenesis.

PPAR- ligands	Type of cells/organisms	Effects	Ref.
RGZ	In vitro
	Glioblastoma U87	VEGF↓	[57]
	Lewis lung carcinoma	VEGF↓	[57]
	Pancreatic tumor AsPC-1 cells	tPA↓	[58]
	Human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-	TIMP-1↑	[59]
	231	gelatinases↓
	Transformed human endometrial cells	VEGF↓	[60]
	(transiently transfected Ishikawa cells)
	Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells	invasive potential↓	[61]
	MSA, IAA, ROA, K119, KOA-2
	In vivo
	Chick chorioallantoic membrane	Choroidal	[57]
		neovascularization↓
	C57/BL6 xenografted with 253J B-v	Neovascularization↓	[62]
	bladder tumor cells	EC apoptosis↑
TGZ	In vitro
	Human non small cell lung	ELR + CXC	[63]
	cancer cells A459	chemokines↓
	In vivo
	C57/BL6 xenografted with 253J B-v	Neovascularization↓	[62]
	bladder tumor cells	EC apoptosis↑
CGZ	In vitro
	Human non-small-cell lung carcinoma	PGE2, COX-2↓	[64]
	A427 and A549 cell
	Human ovarian cancer cells OVCAR-2,	VEGF, PGE2↓	[65]
	DISS
	In vivo
	BALB/c nu/nu mice xenografted with	VEGF, PGE2↓	[65]
	OVCAR-2 or DISS
PGZ	In vitro
	Renal cell carcinoma cells SMKT-R-1, -2,	VEGF, bFGF↓	[66]
	-3, -4
	Human non small cell lung	ELR + CXC	[63]
	cancer cells A459	chemokines↓
	Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells	invasive potential↓	[61]
	MSA, IAA, ROA, K119 and KOA-2
15d-PGJ2	In vitro
	Renal cell carcinoma SMKT-R-1, -2, -3, -4	VEGF, bFGF↓	[66]
	Human gastric cancer	Ang-1↓	[67]
	cells MKN45
	Human PC-3 cells	VEGF↑	[68]
	Human 5637 urinary bladder cells	VEGF↑	[68]
	Human breast MCF-7 cells	VEGF↑	[69]
	Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells	invasive potential↓	[61]
	MSA, IAA, ROA, K119, KOA-2
	Human pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3	MMP-2, -9↓	[70]
	Transformed human endometrial cells	VEGF↓	[60]
	(transiently transfected Ishikawa cells)
	In vivo
	C57/BL6 xenografted with 253J B-v	Neovascularization↓	[62]
	bladder tumor cells	EC apoptosis↑
RS5444	In vitro
	Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells	CD31↓	[71]
	DRO90-1, ARO81
	In vivo
	Nude mice xenografted with DRO90-1 or	CD31↓	[71]
	ARO81 tumor cells
RS1303	In vitro
	Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells	Invasive potential↓	[61]
	MSA, IAA, ROA, K119, KOA-2
Nimesulide	In vitro
	Human pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3	VEGF↑	[72]
	and MIA PaCa-2