Microglia and Astrocyte Activation by Toll-Like Receptor Ligands: Modulation by PPAR-𝛾 Agonists

Table 1

Summary of PPAR-𝛾 effects on PAMP-activated microglia reported in this study.

TLR ligand
PPAR-𝛾 agonist	Pam3Cys	polyI:C	LPS	Flagellin	ssRNA	ODN
15d-PGJ2	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12
	↓ TNF-𝛼	↓ TNF-𝛼	↓ TNF-𝛼	↓ TNF-𝛼	TNF-𝛼 ND^*	↓ TNF-𝛼
	↓ CXCL2	↑ CXCL2	↑ CXCL2	No effect CXCL2	No effect CXCL2	↑ CXCL2
	↓ CCL2	↓ CCL2	↓ CCL2	↓ CCL2	No effect CCL2	↓ CCL2
Rosiglitazone	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12
	↓ TNF-𝛼	↓ TNF-𝛼	No effect TNF-𝛼	↓ TNF-𝛼	TNF-𝛼 ND	No effect TNF-𝛼
Pioglitazone	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12
	↑ CXCL2					↑ CXCL2

^*ND; not detectable.