Microglia and Astrocyte Activation by Toll-Like Receptor Ligands: Modulation by PPAR-𝛾 Agonists

Table 2

Summary of PPAR-𝛾 effects on PAMP-activated astrocytes reported in this study.

TLR ligand
PPAR-𝛾 agonist	Pam3Cys	polyI:C	LPS	Flagellin	ssRNA	ODN
	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12
15d-PGJ2	↑ CXCL2	↓ NO	↓ NO
			↑ CXCL2
Ciglitazone	↓ CXCL2	↓ CXCL2	↓ CXCL2	↓ CXCL2	NR^*	↓ CXCL2
Pioglitazone	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12	↓ IL-12
	↑ CXCL2			↑ CXCL2	↑ CXCL2
				↑ CCL2	↑ CCL2
Troglitazone	↓ CCL2	↓ CCL2	NR	↓ CCL2	NR	↓ CCL2

^*NR: not reported.