|
| Genes containing PPRE putative sequences | Function of gene | Ref. |
|
| Lipid metabolism | | |
| P450 4A6 | Omega oxidation of fatty acids | [15] |
| malic enzyme gene | Fatty acid
synthesis | [16] |
| apoA-I and apoA-II. | Components of HDL | [17] |
| LPL (lipoprotein lipase) | Hydrolysis of triglycerides | [18] |
| UCP3 (Uncoupling protein 3) | Fatty acid transport and thermogenesis | [19] |
| CEH (Cholesteryl ester hydrolase) | Hydrolysis of stored cholesterol esters in
macrophage foam cells and release of free cholesterol for high-density
lipoprotein-mediated efflux | [20] |
| Aox/ACO (Acyl-CoA
oxidase) | Beta-oxidation in peroxisome | [21] |
| HD (enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) | Beta oxidation in perixisome | [21] |
| ILK (Integrin-linked kinase) | Integrin-mediated signaling | [22] |
| HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme
A synthase and reductase) | Cholesterol biosynthesis | [23] |
| LRP (lipoprotein receptor-related protein) | Lipoprotein metabolism, neurological function,
tissue remodelling, protease complex clearance, cell signal transduction | [24] |
| CPT1beta (human carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1beta) | Fatty acid mitochondrial beta-oxidation | [25] |
| FABP (fatty acid binding protein) | Lipid transport (solubilization of long-chain
fatty acids) | [26] |
| ADRP (Adipose differentiation-related
protein) | Maintenance of lipid stores in non-adipocytes | [27] |
| FIAF (The fasting-induced adipose factor | Circulating lipoprotein lipase inhibitor
secreted from adipose tissue | [28] |
|
| Carbohydrate metabolism | | |
| betaGK (beta-cell-specific glucokinase) | Glucose-sensing apparatus in pancreatic beta-cells | [29] |
| GPDH (Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) | NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the
oxidation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. It restores NAD+. | [30] |
| UGDH (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) | Biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates and
detoxification of toxic compounds in the liver | [31] |
| PDK (Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase) | Modulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
activity | [32] |
| SHP (Small heterodimer partner) | Bile acid-dependent down regulation of
gluconeogenic gene expression in liver | [33] |
|
| Inflammation | | |
| Prm3 (thromboxane receptor (TP) beta
promoter) | Thromboxane receptor (TP) beta transcription | [34] |
| IL-1ra
(Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) | IL-1 receptor signaling blockage | [35] |
| CD36 (scavenger
receptor) | Scavenger receptor | [36] |
| sPLA2-IIA (Group IIA secretory phospholipase
A2) | Proinflammatory effect | [37] |
| AhR (Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor) | Proinflammatory effect | [38] |
|
| Growth factors and cell cycle regulators | | |
| SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) | Polyamine catabolism | [39] |
| GOS2 (GO/G1 switch gene 2) | Cell cycle
regulation | [40] |
| VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) | Vasculogenesis | [41] |
| IGFBP-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-binding
protein 1) | Binding protein of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and
IGF-II. Biomarker for metabolic and hyperproliferative diseases | [42] |
|
| Detoxification and redox enzymes | | |
| CYP1A1 (Cytochrome P450 1A1) | Degradation of endobiotics and the
bioactivation of numerous environmental procarcinogens | [43] |
| GST (glutathione S-transferase gene) | Antioxidant function | [44] |
| POX
(Proline oxidase) | Redox enzyme | [45] |
| VDUP-1 (Vitamin D-upregulated protein-1) | Inhibition of thioredoxin-1 which plays a
role in the regulation of cellular redox balance (Cellular redox balance) | [46] |
|
| Others | | |
| BCM (Beta-carotene
15,1-monooxygenase) | Vitamin A biosynthesis | [47] |
| I-BABP (Ileal bile acid-binding protein) | Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids | [48] |
| PCLN-1 (paracellin-1) | Tight-junction protein, exclusively, in the
kidney | [49] |
| BACE1(Beta-site amyloid precursor protein
cleaving enzyme) | Central
causal role in Alzheimer's disease | [50] |
| nephrin promoter | Nephrin synthesis | [51] |
| CIDEA (Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation
factor alpha-like effector A) | Proapoptotic protein | [52] |
| TFF2 (Trefoil factor family 2) | Defense and repair of gastric mucosa | [53] |
|
