Renal and Vascular Mechanisms of Thiazolidinedione-Induced Fluid Retention

<table>The mechanism for thiazolidinedione- (TZD-) induced
edema. In the renal collecting duct, PPAR<i>γ</i> activation
increases sodium reabsorption through ENaC-dependent and independent
mechanisms. In the blood vessels of adipose tissues, PPAR<i>γ</i> ligands activate PKCß, VEGF, and NO, which together lead to
increased endothelial permeability. The increased renal sodium retention at the
level of the collecting duct in conjunction with increased vascular permeability
may determine edema development.</table>

PPAR Research

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Figure 3

Figure 3: Renal and Vascular Mechanisms of Thiazolidinedione-Induced Fluid Retention 