Obesity and Breast Cancer: The Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-𝛾 and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1

Table 1

Relationship between obesity, PPAR-γ, fatty acids, and increased risk of breast cancer

Component	Association with obesity	Association with breast cancer	Primary source
PAI-1			Breast epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes
	[61, 72]	[14, 73]
uPA	Unknown		Tumor cells, epithelial cells
		[14, 74]
uPAR	Unknown		Monocytes, neutrophils, epithelial cells, tumor cells
		[32]
TNF-𝛼			Macrophages, adipocytes, lymphocytes
	[61, 64]	[75]
Aromatase			Breast epithelium, [76] endometrium, adipocytes
	[77]	[78, 79]
Leptin			Adipocytes
	[6]	[71, 80, 81]
Adiponectin			Adipocytes [82, 83]
	[6, 84]	[80, 85]
PPAR-𝛾			Adipocytes, tumor cells
	[86, 87]	[88, 89]
𝜔-3 FA			Diet
	[90, 91]	[92, 93]
𝜔-6 FA			Diet
	[90, 91]	[94, 95]