Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists: Do They Increase Cardiovascular Risk?

Table 3

Effects of PPAR𝛾 and PPARα agonists on inflammatory mediators. Table shows the effect of PPAR𝛾 and PPARα receptors modulation on the expression of various inflammatory mediators. ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9; IFN: interferon; NF: Nuclear factor; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; CRP: C-Reactive protein; CD40L: CD40 Ligand; LOX-1: low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; AP-1: Activator protein-1 [29, 30, 38–58].

	PPAR𝛾 agonists reduce/decrease	PPARα agonists reduce/decrease
Endothelium	ICAM, VCAM, superoxide generation	ICAM, VCAM, E-selectin
Macrophage	IL-1, IL-2, TNF𝛼, MMP-9, IFN-𝛾, NF𝜅B, iNOS	IL-1, IL-2, TNF𝛼, MMP-9, IFN-𝛾
Serum/Plasma	CRP, MMP-9, IL-6, soluble CD40L	IL-6, Fibrinogen, CRP, MIF
Vascular smooth muscle cells	VEGF, MMP-9, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TGF𝛽, LOX-1, TNF𝛼	IL-1𝛽, IL-6, fibrinogen-𝛽, prostaglandin, NF𝜅B, AP-1