Regulation of Immune Responses and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by PPARs
Table 1
The effects of PPARγ agonists in EAE.
Agonists (concentration)
Effects on immune cells
Effects on CNS cells
References
15d-PGJ2 (100 g/kg/day to 1 mg/kg/day)
Suppresses T cell proliferation Suppresses IFN-γ, IL12 and IL4 production. Inhibits Th1 differentiation.
Inhibits CD40 expression on microglial cells. Inhibits production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and MCP-1, and IL12, IL23, IL27 expression from microglia and astrocytes.
Diab et al. [43, 44], Natarajan and Bright [45], Drew et al. [53], Storer et al. [54, 55], Xu and Drew [56]
Pioglitazone (5–10 mg/kg/day)
Reduces T-cell activation. Suppresses Th17 differentiation in CD4 cells. Inhibit RORγt expression in T cells.
Inhibits production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and MCP-1 from microglia and astrocytes.
Feinstein et al. [46], Klotz et al. [52], Drew et al. [53], Storer et al. [54, 55]
Rosiglitazone (5–10 mg/kg/day)
Inhibits NF-Kb Activation in DC.
Inhibits production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and MCP-1 from microglia and astrocytes. Inhibits IL12, IL23 and IL27 expression in microglia. Inhibits IL23 and IL27 expression in astrocytes.
Iruretagoyena et al. [47], Feinstein et al. [46], Drew et al. [53], Storer et al. [54, 55], Xu and Drew [56]
Ciglitazone (50–100 ug/kg/day)
Inhibit IL-12 production in macrophages and Th1 differentiation.
Inhibit IL-12 production in microglial cells. Inhibits production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and MCP-1 from microglia and astrocytes.
Natarajan and Bright [45], Drew et al. [53], Storer et al. [54, 55]
