Developmental Effects of Perfluorononanoic Acid in the Mouse Are Dependent on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha

Table 1

Effects of gestational administration (GD 1–18) of PFNA to wild type and PPARαKO mice on maternal weight and reproductive outcomes.

Strain	Dose (mg/kg/day)	No. of pregnanta	Maternal Weight Gain GD1–18^b (g)	Maternal Weight GD18^b (g)	No. of uterine implants	Total no. of Pups per litterc (live + dead)	No. of live pups per litterc	% Litter lossd	Pregnancy ratee (%)
WT	0	14	10.8±0.98	34.4±0.8	8.5±0.6	7.1±0.56	6.8±0.70	14.3	53.8
	0.83	11	12.8±0.81	35.0±1.0	8.5±0.6	6.8±0.70	6.1±0.82	9.1	47.8
	1.1	12	10.8±0.57	33.6±0.4	7.3±0.5	5.6±0.50	3.7±0.37^∗	16.7	35.3
	1.5	14	12.6±0.50	36.0±0.5	8.4±0.6	6.2±0.54	4.7±0.67	7.1	38.9
	2.0	17	13.2±0.74	35.9±0.9	7.8±0.6	5.2±0.54	3.1±0.73^∗∗	35.3	47.2
KO	0	18	12.0±0.49	35.9±0.6	8.9±0.4	7.8±0.36	7.0±0.41	11.1	75.0
	0.83	13	11.4±0.73	34.6±0.8	8.4±0.6	7.2±0.58	7.0±0.54	7.7	65.0^†
	1.1	14	11.5±0.56	35.6±0.6	9.2±0.4	8.3±0.49	7.8±0.43	7.1	58.3^†
	1.5	9	12.1±0.87	35.5±1.3	9.8±0.6	8.5±0.80	8.4±0.84	11.1	20.9^†
	2.0	16	11.0±0.80	33.4±0.9	8.1±0.7	6.6±0.62	6.4±0.66	12.5	43.2^†

Values are means ± SEM.
KO: PPARα knockout; WT: wild type; GD: gestational day.
aPregnancy verified by presence of uterine implantation sites.
bExcludes adult females not pregnant or with full litter resorption.
cNumber of pups on day of birth at first observation.
dLitter loss: uterine implants present but no pups (full litter resorption) or only dead pups (whole litter loss) at birth.
ePregnancy rate: (# pregnant / # plug +)*100.
^∗𝑃< .05, ^∗∗𝑃<  .001 by Bonferroni’s test. ^†𝑃<.001 by chi-square test for trend.