Influence of PPARα on hepatic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The different fates of glycolytic products and gluconeogenic precursors are depicted, together with the regulatory effects of PPAR. Blue arrows show breakdown of glucose via glycolysis, PPP and TCA cycle; purple arrows indicate gluconeogenic steps. Genes which were proven to be directly regulated by PPAR are presented as a full green arrow. Stimulatory effects which were only proven by treatment with PPAR ligands are shown as a dashed bright green arrow. An effect that was only observed in PPAR mice is depicted as a dark green dashed arrow. Genes in which a PPRE was identified, but no in vivo activation by PPAR was observed are presented with a dark green dotted arrow. Genes which were only suggested to be stimulated by PPAR are indicated with a grey dotted arrow. A suppressive effect of PPAR is shown with a red mark. 6PDGH: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AQP: aquaporin; FDP: fructose-di-phosphatase; G6Pase: glucose-6-phosphatase; G6PDH: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT2: glucose transporter 2; cGPDH: cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; mGPDH: mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; PC: pyruvate carboxylase; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK4: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate kinase; PFK: phosphofructokinase; Taldo1: transaldolase 1; TCA: tricyclic acid cycle.
