PPAR in Obesity: Sex Difference and Estrogen Involvement

Table 1

PPAR target genes involved in lipid homeostasis.


Target genes	Gene expression

Fatty acid uptake, binding, and activation
Fatty acid transport protein (FATP)	Stimulation
Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36)	Stimulation
Liver cytosolic fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP)	Stimulation
Acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS)	Stimulation
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and II (CPT-1and CPT-II)	Stimulation
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation
Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)	Stimulation
Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD)	Stimulation
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)	Stimulation
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD)	Stimulation
Peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation
Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX)	Stimulation
Bifunctional enzyme (HD)	Stimulation
3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (Thiolase)	Stimulation
Hydrolysis of plasma triglycerides
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)	Stimulation
Apolipoprotein C-III (Apo C-III)	Inhibition
Fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)	Inhibition
Fatty acid synthase (FAS)	Inhibition
HDL metabolism
Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II (ApoA-I and ApoA-II)	Stimulation
ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1)	Stimulation
Electron transport chain
Uncoupling protein 1, 2, and 3 (UCP1, 2, and 3)	Stimulation