Coordinate Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Effects of the Insulin Sensitizer Rosiglitazone on Fundamental Metabolic Pathways in Liver, Soleus Muscle, and Adipose Tissue in Diabetic db/db Mice

Table 1

Animal characteristics, blood and tissue analysis: db/db were compared by Student’s “𝑡” test versus db⁺, ^#𝑃<.05;^##𝑃<.01;^###𝑃<.001. RSG-treated groups were compared by ANOVA and Dunnett test versus untreated db/db, ^∗𝑃<.05;^∗∗𝑃<.01;^∗∗∗𝑃<.001, or versus db/+, ^†𝑃<.05;^††𝑃<.01;^†††𝑃<.001.𝑛=6 animals otherwise specified.

	db/db				db/+
Parameters (units)	Untreated	RSG 10 mg/kg	RSG 30 mg/kg	RSG 100 mg/kg	Untreated
Body weight 0d	38.9±0.4^###	39.4±0.6	39.8±0.7	39.5±1.1	24.6±0.7
Body weight (g) 18d	40.6±0.7^###	46.2±0.9^∗∗	47.8±0.6^∗∗∗	46.8±2.1^∗∗	25.9±0.4
Liver weight (g)	1.75±0.03^###	3.25±0.17^∗∗∗†††	2.83±0.20^∗∗†††	2.47±0.27^∗††	1.37±0.05
Inguinal Adipose weight (g)	2.09±0.06^###	1.99±0.11^†††	2.09±0.13^†††	2.16±0.09^†††	0.17±0.02
Soleus muscle weight (mg)	6.67±1.33	6.00±0.85	5.05±0.5	4.79±0.36	6.13±1.82
Blood Glucose (mmol/l) 0d	16.9±1.3^###	16.3±1.3^†††	15.8±0.9^†††	16.4±1.1^†††	5.8±0.4
Blood Glucose (mmol/l) 18d	15.1±0.9^###	8.0±0.7^∗∗∗††	5.4±0.6^∗∗∗	4.1±0.5^∗∗∗	5.1±0.5
HbA1c %	7.14±0.28^###	6.16±0.34^†††	5.76±0.32^∗∗†††	5.52±0.23^∗∗†††	3.61±0.13
Plasmatic triglycerides (nmol/mL)
Trilinoleate (𝑛=3−5)	49.6±2.3	16.8±6.5^∗∗∗	10.2±3.0^∗∗∗	23.2±5.4^∗∗	26.8±10.2
Trioleate (𝑛=3−5)	19.7±1.4^#	6.7±1.6^∗∗∗	3.2±0.9^∗∗∗	8.0±2.5^∗∗∗	11.8±3.4
Plasmatic FFA (nmol/mL)
Palmitic acid	91.8±5.5	70.4±7.0	51.4±7.8^∗∗∗	64.9±7.0^∗	85.9±10.5
Linoleic acid	83.8±4.5^#	70.5±6.0	43.0±10.2^∗	54.5±12.7	65.3±4.4
Oleic acid	91.1±12.0	72.1±5.4	38.4±12.1^∗∗	47.4±13^∗	70.2±8.9
Liver triglycerides (nmol/g)
Trilinoleate	116±24^##	76.0±21.9^†	43.2±8.9^∗	33.5±4.4^∗∗	20.0±3.9
Trioleate	1033±314^#	10240±1489^∗∗∗†††	7746±1603^∗∗†††	2708±846	59±13
Liver FFA (nmol/g)
Palmitic acid	481±49	583±43^††	573±47^†	702±67^∗∗†††	366±13
Linoleic acid	289±27^#	236±7	253±17	331±46^††	209±11
Oleic acid	484±87^#	1031±110^∗∗†††	997±82^∗∗†††	945±148^∗†††	186±18
IAT triglycerides (nmol/g)
Trilinoleate	5965±2373	3670±1177^††	5343±1542^†	4118±674^†	15524±4320
Trioleate	7766±1962	6515±2729	15382±5458	11836±3059	16016±5333
IAT FFA (nmol/g)
Palmitic acid	236±61	265±24	302±67	462±36^∗	424±92
Linoleic acid	329±53^#	328±25	454±97	570±57^∗	558±81
Oleic acid	281±48^##	310±32^†	416±110^††	514±56^†††	65±10