Therapeutic Implications of PPAR𝛾 in Human Osteosarcoma

Table 1

Basic features of the three PPAR isoforms.

	Location	Ligands	Coactivators	Primary function	Knockout
PPAR$\alpha$	liver, brown fat, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle	fibrates fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, palmitic acid) eicosanoids (e.g., arachidonic acid)	p300, c/EBP, SRC-1, PBP, PGC-1, PRIP	lipid catabolism, inflammatory responses, lipoprotein metabolism	hepatomegaly, liver tumors, impaired wound healing, prolonged inflammatory responses, increased adipose tissue
PPAR$\delta$	gut, kidney, brain, heart, skeletal muscle	fatty acids, NSAIDS (antagonist)	SRC-1, PBP	fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation, bone metabolism, tumorigenesis, vascular integrity	fatal placental defects from abnormal vasculature, small healthy adults
PPAR$\gamma$	adipose tissue, cartilage, osteoblasts, epithelial cells, prostate, large intestine, monocytes, kidney	thiazolinediones eicosanoids (e.g., 15d-PGJ2, 15-HETE) fatty acids (e.g., DHA, linoleic acid)	p300, c/EBP, SRC-1, PBP, PGC-1, PRIP	adipogenesis, inflammatory response, insulin sensitization, differentiation	embryo-fatal, placenta fails to implant and develop, severe metabolic, hepatic, intestinal, adipogenic, abnormalities