Consequences of PPAR_α Invalidation on Glutathione Synthesis: Interactions with Dietary Fatty Acids

Table 4

Hepatic mRNA levels of cysteine and glutathione metabolism key genes, and of inflammatory markers, in WT and PPARα-null (KO) mice fed diets containing either saturated FA (COCO diet) or ALA (LIN diet) for 8 weeks (arbitrary units).

	WT		KO			𝑃 values
	COCO	LIN	COCO	LIN	ANOVA	Genotype; (G)	Diet; (D)	Interaction G∗D
Glutamate cysteine ligase (γGCLc), catalytic subunit	0.22 ± 0.04	0.30 ± 0.07	0.22 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.02	0.1583	0.0941	0.9836	0.1183
Glutamate cysteine ligase (γGCLm), modifier subunit	0.68 ± 0.11	0.65 ± 0.07	0.55 ± 0.07	0.63 ± 0.17	0.8840	0.5255	0.8070	0.6317
Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO)	3.84 ± 0.61	2.24 ± 0.16	2.22 ± 0.38	3.92 ± 1.02	0.1193	0.8885	0.9780	0.0181
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1)	8.65 ± 1.58	9.32 ± 1.15	8.79 ± 1.55	9.54 ± 2.71	0.9857	0.9272	0.7211	0.9844
Catalase (CAT)	1.05 ± 0.28	0.97 ± 0.12	0.92 ± 0.22	0.71 ± 0.13	0.6463	0.3327	0.4750	0.7445
Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)	64.9 ± 3.36	61.2 ± 3.68	63.1 ± 3.95	69.8 ± 3.96	0.4529	0.3941	0.7101	0.2006
Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)	5.09 ± 1.06^b	5.66 ± 0.77^bc	10.1 ± 0.63^a	8.49 ± 0.7^ac	0.0005	<0.001	0.517	0.1873
CD68 antigen (CD68)	20.0 ± 10.4^ab	8.75 ± 8.28^b	30.9 ± 11.9^a	29.1 ± 14.8^a	0.0121	0.0027	0.1717	0.3142
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (MCP1)	0.94 ± 0.45	0.77 ± 0.25	1.45 ± 0.28	1.55 ± 1.77	0.3467	0.0898	0.7011	0.9267
Serum amyloid A (SAA)	0.47 ± 0.29	0.51 ± 0.36	2.13 ± 3.83	2.70 ± 2.69	0.2919	0.0684	0.7926	0.7615

Gene expression was determined using the 2^−ΔCt formula where ΔCt=(Cttargetgene−Ct18S). Values are means ± standard errors for 4–7 mice per group. Mean values within a row sharing a same superscript letter, or without superscript letter, were not significantly different at 𝑃<0.05.