A Retrospective on Nuclear Receptor Regulation of Inflammation: Lessons from GR and PPARs

Figure 1

Transcriptional control of inflammation. Signal transduction of proinflammatory cytokines, for example, TNF-α and/or LPS signals lead to activation of IKK complex to liberate cytosolic NF-κB from inhibition via ubiquitination and degradation of IκBα. These stimuli activate the JNK-AP-1 pathway. Coordinated actions of NF-κB and AP-1 propagate inflammation via promoting transcription of cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory genes.