The Key to Unlocking the Chemotherapeutic Potential of PPARγ Ligands: Having the Right Combination

Table 1

Synergistic effects between PPARγ ligands and other agents in vitro. Descriptions reflect most noteworthy finding of each study.

	Platinum-Based Compounds	Taxanes	Topoisomerase Inhibitors	Anti-metabolites	RXRα ligands	Cell Signalling Molecules	Statins
Rosiglitazone	(i) ↓ Cell growth in A549, Calu1, H23, H596 and H1650 NSCLC; Mosher colon; and OVCA420, OVCA429 and ES2 ovarian cancer [31]			(i) ↓ Cell viability in BEL-7402 and Huh-7 Hepatocellular carcinoma [37]	(i) Differentiating and growth-inhibitory effects in lymphoid Su-DHL, Sup-M2, Ramos, Raji, Hodgkin's cell lines, and primary chronic lymphocytic (lymphoid), and U937 and HL-60 (myeloid) leukemia [38]	(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in MDA- MB-231 breast cancer [39] *pre-treatment
				(ii) ↑ Apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer [40]	(ii) ↓ Cell viability in MCF-7, MCF-7TR1, SKBR-3, and T-47D breast cancer [41]
Troglitazone	(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in A549 and H522 NSCLC [33] *post-treatment	(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in A549 and H522 NSCLC [33] *post-treatment			(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1 breast cancer [42]	(i) ↓ Cell numbers in HEY ovarian cancer [43]
	(ii) ↑ Growth inhibition in EHMES-10 mesothelioma [34]					(ii) ↑ Apoptosis in MCF-7, SKBR-3, and MDA-MB-453 breast cancer [44]
Pioglitazone		(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in A549 and H522 NSCLC [33] *post-treatment			(i) ↑ Differentiation in harvested liposarcoma cells [45]		(i) Cytotoxic effects in U87, U138, LN 405 and rat RG II glioblastoma [46]
							(ii) ↑ Cytotoxic effects in IOMM Lee and KT21-MG1 meningioma [47]
Ciglitazone					(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in ZR-75-1 and T-47D breast; and Calu-6 lung cancer [48]	(i) ↓ Proliferation in HEY ovarian cancer [43]	(i) ↑ Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in Panc 02 and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic; C-26 colon; and EMT6 and MDA-MB-361 breast cancer [49]
					(ii) Apoptosis in ANBL6 and 8226 multiple myeloma [50]; C6, U87MG andGL261 glioblastoma [51],and G361 melanoma [50, 52]
RS5444		(i) ↑ Antiproliferative effects in DRO90-1 and ARO81 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma [53]
15d-PGJ2		(i) ↑ Cytotoxicity in A549 and H460 NSCLC [54]	(i) ↑ Cytotoxicity in Cak-2 renal cell carcinoma [55]		(i) ↑ Differentiating and growth-inhibitory effects in Su-DHL, Sup-M2, Ramos, Raji, Hodgkin's cell lines, and primary chronic lymphocytic (lymphoid), and U937 and HL-60 (myeloid) leukemia [38]	(i) ↑ Growth inhibition in HEY ovarian cancer [43]
					(ii) ↑ Apoptosis in ANBL6 and 8226 multiple myeloma [51]
LY 293111			(i) ↑ Cytotoxicity in MCF-7, MCF-7/adr and SKBR-3 breast; H460 lung; SW480 and RT4 colon; and HT1197 bladder cancer [6]
Linoleic Acid					(i) ↑ Apoptosis and ↓ proliferation in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, T-47D and SKBR-3 breast cancer [56]