The Role of PPAR Gamma in Systemic Sclerosis

Table 2

In vivo studies of antifibrotic effects of PPARγ agonists.

Animal model	PPARγ ligand	Effects	Reference
Bleomycin-induced model of lung fibrosis	15d-PGJ2 and RGZ	↓ Histological evidence of lung fibrosis	[61]
	TGZ	↓ Hydroxyproline and collagen deposition in lung tissue Ameliorated histopathological changes	[47]
	PGZ	↓ Hydroxyproline content in lung tissue; Ameliorated histopathological changes	[60]
	RGZ	Prevented onset of fibrotic radiological changes	[63]
	RGZ	↓ Hydroxyproline content in lung tissue; ↓ Lung TGF-β1 concentration; Ameliorated histopathological changes	[62]
Bleomycin-induced model of skin fibrosis	RGZ	Attenuated severity of dermal fibrosis and local collagen deposition; ↓ Tissue accumulation of myofibroblasts; ↓ Levels of TGF-β levels in lesional skin	[41]
	Ajulemic acid	Prevented development of skin fibrosis; ↓ Skin thickness dermal; ↓ Hydroxyproline content; ↓ Myofibroblasts number	[69]
	CDDO	↓ Collagen deposition and dermal thickness; ↓ α-SMA and TGFβ1 expression	[27]
Constitutively active TGFβ receptor type I mouse model (AdTGFbRI)	Ajulemic acid	Prevented development of skin fibrosis; ↓ Skin thickness dermal; ↓ Hydroxyproline content; ↓ Myofibroblasts number	[69]

RGZ = rosiglitazone, TGZ = troglitazone, PGZ = pioglitazone, CDDO = 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic-acid, TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β, α-SMA = α-smooth muscle actin.