Therapeutic Effects of PPARα on Neuronal Death and Microvascular Impairment

Table 2

Beneficial effects of PPARα in microvascular disease and molecular mechanisms of action.

Model	Physiological effects	Molecular mechanism(s)	Ref(s)
Diabetic retinopathy	↓ EC dropout; Improved pericyte survival; ↓ Vascular permeability	Antioxidant; Anti-inflammatory	[13, 15]
Peripheral neuropathy	↓ EC loss	↑ AMPK/PI3K signaling; ↓ Endothelial dysfunction	[28]
Cerebral ischemia	↓ EC loss	Antioxidant; Anti-inflammatory	[9, 19]
Type 2 diabetic patients	Improved endothelial function	eNOS activity; Anti-inflammatory; ↓ Dyslipidemia	[31–34]
Ischemic retinopathy	↓ Vascular permeability; ↓ Retinal neovascularization; ↓ EPC mobilization/homing	Anti-inflammatory; ↓ Vascular growth factors; ↓ EPC homing factors	[15, 35, 36]
Intestinal permeability	↓ Intestinal permeability	Tight junction protein localization	[37]
Nude mouse/wound healing	↓ Angiogenesis	↓ AKT signaling; ↓ Vascular growth factors	[38, 39]