Review Article
Therapeutic Effects of PPARα on Neuronal Death and Microvascular Impairment
Table 2
Beneficial effects of PPARα in microvascular disease and molecular mechanisms of action.
| Model | Physiological effects | Molecular mechanism(s) | Ref(s) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | ↓ EC dropout Improved pericyte survival ↓ Vascular permeability | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [13, 15] |
| Peripheral neuropathy | ↓ EC loss | ↑ AMPK/PI3K signaling ↓ Endothelial dysfunction | [28] |
| Cerebral ischemia | ↓ EC loss | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [9, 19] |
| Type 2 diabetic patients | Improved endothelial function | eNOS activity Anti-inflammatory ↓ Dyslipidemia | [31–34] |
| Ischemic retinopathy | ↓ Vascular permeability ↓ Retinal neovascularization ↓ EPC mobilization/homing | Anti-inflammatory ↓ Vascular growth factors ↓ EPC homing factors | [15, 35, 36] |
| Intestinal permeability | ↓ Intestinal permeability | Tight junction protein localization | [37] |
| Nude mouse/wound healing | ↓ Angiogenesis | ↓ AKT signaling ↓ Vascular growth factors | [38, 39] |
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