The Hepatoprotection by Oleanolic Acid Preconditioning: Focusing on PPARα Activation

Figure 6

A schematic representation of the pathways modulated by OA in response to ConA. In our ConA-induced liver injury model, OA activates PPARα leading to decreased expression of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. OA also attenuates JNK signaling activated by TNF-α. Furthermore, OA suppresses the phosphorylation of JNK. Activated JNK inhibits Bcl-2 activity, thus promoting the activation of caspase-9 induced by Bax expression and the activation of Beclin 1. OA exhibits hepatoprotective effects via attenuating apoptosis and autophagy through regulating JNK signaling and activating PPARα.