6-Gingerol Normalizes the Expression of Biomarkers Related to Hypertension via PPARδ in HUVECs, HEK293, and Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells

Figure 3

Immunocytochemistry for TNF and VCAM1 in HUVECs treated with cholesterol, palmitate, 6-gingerol, and GSK0660. The increased expression of TNFα (a) and VCAM1 (b) proteins by cholesterol and palmitate treatment was ameliorated by 6-gingerol treatment in HUVECs. The effects of 6-gingerol were reversed by a PPARδ antagonist. Magnification is 200 times. All experiments were repeated three or more times. The statistical significance between the two experimental groups was marked as p < 0.001. Meaning of indications: Ctrl indicates an untreated normal control group, CP indicates a cholesterol and palmitate-treated group, CPG indicates a cholesterol, palmitate, and 6-gingerol treated group, and CPGG indicates a cholesterol, palmitate, 6-gingerol, and GSK0660 treated group.

(a)

(b)