PPAR Research

Review Article

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and PGC-1α in Cancer: Dual Actions as Tumor Promoter and Suppressor

Table 1

The role and action mechanisms of PPAR as a tumor suppressor.


Experimental system		Role and action mechanisms	References
Modification	Cell type	Role and action mechanisms	References

Troglitazone treatment (PPAR ligand)	Human colon cancer SW620, HCT116 cells	Inhibition of cell proliferation; induction of apoptosis; inactivation of NF-κB by suppression of GSK-3β	[24]
PPAR activation by 4-O-methylhonokiol treatment	PC3, LNCap prostate cancer cells, PC3 xenografts	Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; induction of apoptosis; p21-mediated suppression of NF-κB activity	[25]
PPAR overexpression	Human colon cancer HT-29 cells	Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB by PPARγ	[26]
PPAR overexpression	Human colon cancer HT-29 cells	Inhibition of cell proliferation; ubiquitination and degradation of MUC1-C by PPARγ	[27]
PPAR activation by efatutazone treatment (third-generation PPAR agonist)	TE-4, TE-8, TE-11, TE-6 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells; TE-4 xenografts	Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; increased p21 protein levels by inactivation of Akt	[28]
Pioglitazone and 6-OH-11-O-hydroxy phenanthrene (PPAR and RXR agonist treatment)	Breast cancer MCF-7 cells, breast cancer associated fibroblast	Inhibition of cancer stem cell survival; inhibition of IL-6 promoter and reduced MMP-2, MMP-9 expression and activity	[29]
Pioglitazone treatment (PPAR ligand)	Chronic myeloid leukemia cells, leukemia stem cell (LSC)	Inhibition of cancer stem cell survival; decreased expression of STAT5 and HIF-1α	[30]
PPAR overexpression by PPAR plasmid	Gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-28, SGC-7901, BGC-823)	Inhibition of cell proliferation and migration; downregulation of TERT and ENAH by inhibition of -catenin	[31]
PPAR activation by troglitazone, PPAR siRNA transfection	Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231)	Inhibition of cell proliferation; upregulation of tumor suppressor Cyld	[32]
PPAR activation by rosiglitazone, PPAR inhibition by GW9662	Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231)	Inhibition of cell migration and invasion; downregulation of CXCR4 gene expression	[33]