Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Emerging Regulatory Roles in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

Table 1

The beneficial effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activation on cardiovascular diseases and risks.

Diseases	Cell	PPARα	PPARβ/δ	PPARγ
Vessel wall	Endothelial cell	Nitric oxide release↑; Inflammation↓	Nitric oxide release↑; Proliferation ↑; Apoptosis ↓; Inflammation ↓	Apoptosis ↓; Reactive oxygen species ↓; Inflammation ↓
	Vascular smooth muscle cell	Apoptosis↑; Proliferation↓; Migration↓; Inflammation↓	Proliferation ↓; Migration ↓; Apoptosis ↓	Proliferation ↓; Migration ↓; Apoptosis ↓
	Monocyte/; Macrophage	Inflammation↓; Lipid accumulation↓; Reverse cholesterol transport ↑	Lipid/cholesterol; metabolism ↑; Inflammation ↓	Reactive oxygen species ↓; Nitric oxide synthase ↑; Reverse cholesterol transport ↑
Heart	Cardiomyocyte	Fatty acid metabolism ↑; Glucose uptake and oxidation ↓	Proliferation ↑; Energy balance ↑; Metabolic modulation ↑	Inflammation ↓
Risk factors	Adipocyte	Adipocyte differentiation ↑; Lipolysis ↑; Fatty acid oxidation ↑	Adipocyte differentiation ↑; Fatty acid metabolism ↑	Adipocyte differentiation ↑; Lipolysis↑