Stimulation of Alpha₁-Adrenergic Receptor Ameliorates Cellular Functions of Multiorgans beyond Vasomotion through PPARδ

Figure 6

Schematic diagram of our proposed explanation for the multiple organ functions of the α₁-adrenergic receptor agonist midodrine compared with the function of myokine production during exercise. Two presumptive ways have been described to explain how physical exercise produces systemic health benefits: a muscle-derived effect in which exercise activates skeletal muscle energetics through energy consumption and the production of myokines and an α₁-AR-derived effect with downstream transducers that use PPARδ-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling to directly activate energetic molecules in all body organs, including the heart, arteries, liver, adipose tissue, and immune cells. Both systems have independent organ crosstalk and network formation. α₁-ANS: α₁-adrenergic nervous system; ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; AR: adrenergic receptor; BP: blood pressure. M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 and M1R, M2R, M3R, M4R, and M5R represent specific myokines and their receptors derived from exercising skeletal muscles. Drugs, midodrine.