Stimulation of Alpha₁-Adrenergic Receptor Ameliorates Cellular Functions of Multiorgans beyond Vasomotion through PPARδ

Table 1

M-mode echocardiographic measurements in the midodrine-treated, atenolol-treated, and 8-week-old untreated control groups of rats.

Parameters	Midodrine (group I)	Atenolol (group II)	Control (group III)	value
LV septum in diastole (mm)	^a	^a	^a	0.326
LV posterior wall in diastole (mm)	^a		^a	0.005
LV internal dimension in diastole (mm)	^a	^a	^a	0.108
LV internal dimension in systole (mm)	^a	^a		0.045
LV fractional shortening (%)	^a	^a		0.002
LV ejection fraction (%)	^a	^a		<0.001
LV mass by ASE (g)		^a	^a	0.031
Body weight (g)	^a	^b	^a	0.009

Variables are expressed as . Echocardiography was performed as described in Materials and Methods. LV: left ventricle; ASE: American Society of Echocardiography. The values represent overall differences among groups as determined by the Kruskal-Wallis test. ^a,bData values with the same letter did not differ significantly based on the Mann-Whitney test.