PPARβ/δ Agonism with GW501516 Increases Myotube PGC-1α Content and Reduces BCAA Media Content Independent of Changes in BCAA Catabolic Enzyme Expression

Table 1

Summary of experimental model, treatment conditions, and related findings to present report.

Model	Dose of GW501516	Duration	Effect	Reference
C2C12 Myotubes	10 nM	16 hours	↑ Glucose uptake	Kramer et al. [29]
	100 nM	24 hours	↑ Cpt1, Pdk4, Ucp3 mRNA	Kleiner et al. [42]
	1 μM	24 hours	↑ Pdk4 mRNA expression	Aoki et al. [43]
	1 μM	24 hours	↑ Cpt1, Pdk4, Ucp3 mRNA and ↔mitochondrial function	Tumova et al. [28]
	1 μM	24 hours	↑ PPAR and PGC-1α promoter activity and Ppargc1a and Cpt1 mRNA expression	Hondares et al. [26]
	1 μM	24 hours	↑ PPAR and PGC-1α promoter activity and Ppargc1a and Ucp2 mRNA expression	Miura et al. [25]
	1 μM*	24 hours	↑ PPAR and PGC-1α promoter activity and Ucp1, Ucp2, Ucp3 mRNA expression	Dressel et al. [44]
	1 μM + BMS691 at 10 μM	16 hours	↑ Ppargc1a mRNA	Schuler et al. [8]
	1 μM + PAL at 500 μM	16 hours	↑ pAMPK, PDK4, and CPT1 protein expression and rescued palmitate oxidation	Coll et al. [45]
	1 μM	48 hours	↑ PPAR reporter activity	Remels et al. [31]
	5 μM	16 hours	↑ Or rescued Cpt1 mRNA expression/rescued palmitate oxidation (TNFα suppressed)	Zizola et al. [27]
	10 μM	24 hours	↑ Cpt-1b, Acadm, and Acox mRNA expression and pAMPK protein expression	Aguilar-Recarte et al. [46]
L6 Myotubes	30, 100, and 300 nM (L6 myotubes)	24 hours	↑ Ppargc1a, Ucp2, Ucp3, and Cpt1 mRNA expression and palmitate oxidation	Tanaka et al. [1]
	100 nM (L6 myotubes)	5 days	↑ UCP3 and ↓GLUT4 protein expression	Higashida et al. [47]
	1 μM (L6 myotubes)	24 hours	↑ PGC-1α and CPT1 with ↔ PPARδ protein expression and ↑ palmitate oxidation	Dimopoulos et al. [48]
	1 μM (L6 myotubes)	24 hours	↑ Palmitate oxidation and Cpt1 mRNA expression	Hondares et al. [26]

*Indicates effects were enhanced by concurrent RXR agonism. Abbreviations: Cpt1: carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; Glut4: glucose transporter 4; Ppargc1a: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; Ppar: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; Ppard: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Pdk4: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; Ucp: uncoupling protein.