The Relationship between Healthy Lifestyle, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Vitality in the Older Adults of Sirjan

Alizadeh, Somayeh; Borhaninejad, Vahidreza; Sadeghi, Reza; Khanjani, Narges; Saber, Maryam; Abolghaseminejad, Parniya

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5522664

Perspectives in Psychiatric Care

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 5522664 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5522664

The Relationship between Healthy Lifestyle, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Vitality in the Older Adults of Sirjan

Somayeh Alizadeh,¹Vahidreza Borhaninejad,²Reza Sadeghi,³Narges Khanjani,⁴Maryam Saber,¹and Parniya Abolghaseminejad^5,6

Academic Editor: Gianpiero Greco

Received29 Jul 2023

Revised14 Oct 2023

Accepted19 Oct 2023

Published04 Nov 2023

Abstract

Older adults are a vulnerable group and face a series of problems that are preventable by changing their lifestyle, so it is necessary to understand the healthy lifestyle and its related factors in older adults. This study aimed to determine the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality in the older adults of Sirjan. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study included 200 older adults referred to community health centers in Sirjan in 2021. Older adults with inclusion criteria were selected by two-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected by demographic information questionnaire, the healthy lifestyle questionnaire for elderly, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the subjective vitality scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS20 and descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis, post hoc tests, and Spearman correlation coefficient). A significance level <0.05 was considered. The study results showed that the mean scores of healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality were 134.42 ± 13.78, 36.34 ± 4.62, and 21.80 ± 2.85, respectively. We observed a direct and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality (). Considering the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality in older adults, managers and planners can help older adults to promote their healthy lifestyles.

1. Introduction

The global population is aging [1]. Improving living conditions and increasing life expectancy are among the reasons for the aging crisis in societies. With an increase in the population aging, the 21st century has faced economic, social, and health problems [2]. Iran has witnessed a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in life expectancy over the past thirty years, so the older population is increasing rapidly [3], with 8.7% of the total population in Iran being people aged over 60 years. Iran’s population aging rate will reach 11.3% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 [4], so the number of older adults aged over 60 years may cause major problems for the healthcare and social security systems in Iran [5].

Older people are a vulnerable group and face a set of age-specific problems, which are preventable by changing their lifestyle [6] because a healthy lifestyle reduces the risk of disease and premature death [7]. Lifestyle is a combination of choices, opportunities, and resources. A healthy lifestyle reduces the incidence and effects of health problems, increases recovery, deals with stressors, and improves the quality of life [8]. It is better to follow a healthy lifestyle from the early stages of life, but it is never too late to create good habits and change the lifestyle in old age [9]. Self-esteem is a factor affecting people’s lifestyle by creating a positive mental image and responsibility for health and self-care in a person and leads to a healthy lifestyle [10].

Self-esteem shows how much people like themselves, how they perceive themselves, and what they think about themselves, so it leads to a feeling of self-worth and self-acceptance [11–13]. Self-esteem is an important element in adaptation processes and does not depend on age but on the ability of a person to manage challenging life events [14]. A person gains self-esteem as a result of positive and negative experiences in life. The greatest increase in self-esteem occurs during childhood and adulthood, and it reaches its peak at approximately 60–70 years of age and gradually declines with age [15] due to poorer physical and mental functioning, deterioration of social status, financial situation, and loss of loved ones [16]. Positive self-esteem also supports the development and maintenance of mental health [17] and contributes to welfare and feeling of happiness [18].

Vitality is another variable affecting the health and quality of life of older men and women [19]. Vitality refers to feeling positive, energetic, and cheerful, and it originates from an internal force in a person [20]. All these states are positive and pleasant concepts and are related to a person’s emotions and positive mood [20]. Vitality is low when frustration and fatigue cause inability to perform appropriate tasks and activities, while high vitality increases energy and ability to perform activities [21]. Lara et al. indicated that older adults would benefit from optimism and social support through their self-efficacy and mental health, which in turn reduced discomfort and anxiety, strengthened the feeling of self-worth, and improved self-esteem and satisfaction with life [22]. Meira et al. reported that older adults with a positive attitude and self-esteem should have good physical and mental health to enjoy a happy and independent life [23]. Another study indicated that if older adults had a pleasant image and feeling towards themselves, as well as self-esteem, they would use the necessary skills to have a healthy lifestyle, which led to hope for the future, vitality, and peace. For example, physical activities reduce boredom and depression and increases vitality among older adults [24].

A healthy lifestyle is an important factor of active aging, but its relationship with psychological variables has attracted less attention. We found no research on the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and vitality in older adults, so this study aimed to determine the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality in the older adults of Sirjan. Better perception of the lifestyle and factors related to it can be useful in designing and prioritizing interventions related to improving the health of older adults.

2. Materials and Methods

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on the older adults of Sirjan in 2021. The eligibility criteria for participating in the study were as follows: being 60 years old or older, possessing verbal communication abilities, not having a speech disorder, not having any mental illnesses, not being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, and demonstrating a willingness to cooperate and actively participate in the study. On the other hand, individuals who expressed unwillingness to participate or failed to complete the questionnaire were considered as exclusion criteria. The sample size was calculated according to a similar study conducted by Barghi Irani et al. [25], so the correlation coefficient between lifestyle variables, psychological capital, and self-care behaviors in the older adults ranged from 0.3 to 0.5. Since no similar study was found during the search, it was assumed that the correlation coefficient between a healthy lifestyle and self-esteem, as well as mental vitality, would be similar to the aforementioned source, with a minimum value of 0.3, so the following formula was used to determine the sample size:

Z(α/2) represents the Z statistic corresponding to half of the significance level α, which is associated with the probability of committing a Type I error.

Z(1 − β) represents the Z statistic corresponding to the power of the test (1 − β), where β is the probability of committing a Type II error.

Z′ was calculated using the following formula:

Z′0 represents the Z statistic for the null hypothesis, where the assumed correlation coefficient is zero. On the other hand, Z′1 represents the Z statistic for the assumed correlation coefficient of 1.

Assuming a type I error of 0.01 and a type II error of 0.1, 159 participants were calculated, but 200 participants were included in the study for a better estimate. A two-stage cluster sampling was used for sampling. Four in 12 community health centers in Sirjan were randomly selected, a list of eligible older adults was prepared from each of the centers, and then 50 participants from each of the lists were included in the study by a simple random method.

The demographic information questionnaire, the healthy lifestyle questionnaire for elderly, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the subjective vitality scale were used to collect data.

The demographic information questionnaire included age, sex, education level, marital status, and employment status.

The healthy lifestyle questionnaire for elderly included 46 questions that was psychometrically designed by Eshaghi et al.: 15 questions were about prevention, 5 questions were about sport and entertainment, 14 questions were about healthy nutrition, 5 questions were about stress management, and 7 questions were about social and personal relationships. The questions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high); the lowest score was 42, while the highest score was 211. The scores of 42–98 were considered unfavorable, 99–155 were considered moderately favorable, and 156–211 were considered favorable lifestyles. Eshaghi et al. confirmed the face and content validity of this questionnaire and reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.76 [26]. We used the content validity method to measure the validity of this questionnaire, as well as Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.85) to evaluate the reliability of this questionnaire. The reliability of prevention, healthy nutrition, sport and entertainment, stress management, social and personal relationships, and the whole questionnaire was 0.75, 0.83, 0.78, 0.91, 0.75, and 0.83, respectively.

The Rosenberg self-esteem scale measures a person’s attitude towards him/herself with 10 items and is rated on a Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree). The lowest score is 10, while the highest score is 40 [27]. As defined by Guttman, this scale has a coefficient of reproducibility of 0.92, indicating excellent internal consistency. Test-retest reliability over a 2-week period shows correlations of 0.85 and 0.88. This questionnaire has a good correlation with other self-esteem measures, including the Coopersmith self-esteem questionnaire [28]. Greenberger et al. confirmed the questionnaire validity using its construct validity [29]. Hojjati et al. also reported its reliability with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.78 [30].

The subjective vitality scale was developed by Ryan and Frederick, who determined its internal consistency of 0.96. This scale includes 7 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The lowest score is 7, while the highest score is 35. Arabzadeh determined the reliability of this tool using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.79 [21]. The content validity method was used to determine the validity of this questionnaire in the present study. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.73. The test-retest method was also used, and the within group correlation was 0.75.

The researcher started sampling after receiving the code of ethics and an official letter of introduction from Kerman University of Medical Sciences and coordinating with the Vice Chancellor for Health of the School of Medical Sciences of Sirjan. Four community health centers of Sirjan were randomly selected. The researcher talked with the heads of the centers and experts of family health units and prepared a list of 200 older people who met the inclusion criteria, and their information was registered in Sib system (integrated health system). The researcher received a list containing the first and last names and mobile phone numbers of the older adults in the form of an Excel file. This process was done for each of the selected centers, and a four-part list containing the characteristics of 800 older people was printed. Then, 50 older people covered by each center were selected using a simple random method and lottery. The researcher contacted them, introduced herself, explained the research objectives and method, and assured them that their information would be confidential. Those who were willing to participate in the study gave their consent verbally, and then the researcher contacted each older adult in the morning and in the afternoon for fifteen minutes, read each question and explained how to answer it, and recorded the answers in the questionnaire. The interviews lasted from April to May 2021.

Descriptive statistics (absolute frequency, frequency distribution table, mean, and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. Considering that the distribution of the studied variables was not normal, nonparametric tests of Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, post hoc tests, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. SPSS20 was used for data analysis, and the significance level <0.05 was considered.

After receiving the code of ethics (IR.KMU.REC.1399.598) from the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and an official introduction letter from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, the researchers proceeded to sampling. The objectives of the study were explained to the elderly, and the confidentiality of the information was emphasized. Then, if they wanted to participate in the study, informed verbal consent was obtained from them, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Also, all methods were performed according to the relevant guidelines and regulations contained in the Declaration of Helsinki.

3. Results

The study results indicated that the mean age of the older adults was 65.66 ± 3.9 years. Most of the participants were male (56.5%), married (63%), retired (38.5%), and had academic education (25%) (Table 1).

Table 2 shows that the mean scores of healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality were 134.42 ± 13.78, 36.34 ± 4.62, and 21.80 ± 2.85, respectively. Among the areas of healthy lifestyle, the highest mean score belonged to prevention (45.40 ± 5.28), while the lowest score belonged to the sport and entertainment (15.82 ± 2.67).

Based on the findings, there was no statistically significant association found between age and healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and mental vitality (). However, a statistically significant difference was observed between gender and mental vitality (), with men exhibiting higher levels compared to women. Additionally, a significant difference was found between education and healthy lifestyle (), indicating that individuals with higher levels of education tend to have healthier lifestyles. Furthermore, the results revealed a statistically significant relationship between marital status and employment status with healthy lifestyle and mental vitality (). Married individuals and retirees scored higher in terms of healthy lifestyle and mental vitality compared to other groups (Table 3).

The Spearman correlation coefficient test indicated a direct and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality () (Table 4).

4. Discussion

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality in the older adults of Sirjan. The results showed that the healthy lifestyle score of the older adults was at an average level. Rababa et al. in Jordan, Korkmaz Aslan et al. in Turkey, Li et al. in China, Fallah Mehrabadi et al. in Tehran, and Ershadi Sarabi et al. in Sirjan found similar result in their studies [7, 31–34], but Shamsadini Lori et al. in Shiraz, Rezaeipandari et al. in Yazd, Alaee et al. in Qom, Rashidi and Bahrami in Isfahan, and Cheng et al. in China did not support this result and reported the healthy lifestyle score of the older adults at unfavorable and poor levels [35–39]. The use of a different tool (health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire) and cultural difference were the reasons for different results. These authors also examined certain groups of older people (for example, hospitalized or disabled older adults), but the present study had no limitation in this regard and all older adults participated in the research.

The study results indicated a high level of self-esteem among the older adults. Ryszewska-Łabędzka et al., de Oliveira et al., Zhang et al., Tian, and Mesa-Fernández et al., as well as some Iranian authors, supported this result and indicated good self-esteem among older adults [40–47].

The study results showed that the older adults had high subjective vitality. Chang in Taiwan [48] confirmed this result, but Mohammadi et al. and Poordad et al. in Tehran, Ahmadi et al. in Qazvin, Khalili and Ahmadian in Sanandaj, Arabzadeh, and Ju in South Korea did not support this result and indicated poor subjective vitality in the older adults [19–21, 49–51]. Cultural differences and different sample sizes and tools were the reasons for different results. Various factors such as economic status, income level, and job [19, 52] can also affect subjective vitality of the older adults in different cities and countries.

We found a direct and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle and self-esteem, so the higher the healthy lifestyle score, the higher the self-esteem score. Caamaño-Navarrete et al., Chen et al., Abd El-Kader and Al-Jiffri, Lee et al., Vandenberg et al., Knox et al., Abdi et al., and Rogh et al. supported this result [53–60]. Although the target populations were different in these studies or they did not directly investigate healthy lifestyle, the authors dealt with its areas such as nutrition and sport.

The type of lifestyle and related behaviors not only play a fundamental role in people’s health but also has consequences that can affect their performance, well-being, and physical, mental, and social health. We showed that self-esteem played an important role in predicting people’s choices in the type of lifestyle because people with high self-esteem feel worthy of happiness and success that are dependent on good body and mind, and this belief in turn makes them choose the best way and the most desirable way in all aspects of life.

Our study reported a direct and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle and subjective vitality, so the higher the healthy lifestyle score, the higher the subjective vitality score. Hartman et al. confirmed this result and showed a positive and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle and vitality in adults [61]. Söderbacka et al. reported that following factors were effective in increasing subjective vitality among older adults: the ability to do daily tasks, health, healthy diet, physical activity and sports such as fishing and boating, nature tour and travel, interest in work and activities, and friends and family members [62]. Ju indicated a significant relationship between physical activity and subjective vitality and found that older adults with active lifestyle and regular physical activity had energy and enthusiasm and gave meaning to their lives [20]. According to Mohammadi-Mehr et al., Isfahani older adults increased their positivity, happiness, hope for the future, and life satisfaction after choosing a healthy lifestyle [24]. These results are in line with our results and emphasize the importance of lifestyle modification to increase vitality in the older adults.

Vitality is an important source of health for older people because it affects people’s passion for life, love, and meaning. The lively older adults have more life expectancy and try to improve their quality of life. A healthy lifestyle plays an important role in their well-being and vitality because it causes the older adults to improve their living conditions and suffer from physical and mental illnesses less. Isolated older adults usually do not have a healthy lifestyle because they are inactive, consume less fruit and vegetable, and experience more depression and lower mental health due to excessive consumption of alcohol and cigarettes [63].

The study results indicated that marital status, level of education, and employment status had a significant relationship with healthy lifestyle. Married people had a healthier lifestyle. Fallah Mehrabadi et al. [34], Alaee et al. [37], Movahedi et al. [64], and Abbasi et al. [65] showed similar results. According to the results, the older people with higher education had a healthier lifestyle. Ershadi Sarabi et al. [7], Zarei et al. [66], Fallah Mehrabadi et al. [34], Alaee et al. [37] Rezaeipandari and Morowatisharifabad [36] confirmed this result. The healthy lifestyle score in the retired group was higher than that in other groups. Rezaeipandari and Morowatisharifabad [36] and Khodabakhshi-Kolaee [67] indicated similar results. Employment and social participation led to the exchange of information and diverse topics, which were effective in promoting health literacy and adopting a healthy lifestyle.

This study also had limitations. Data were collected through telephone interviews with older adults due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Sirjan, which slowed down the questioning process, and the researcher was not able to recognize the reaction of people while answering the questions. The statistical population consisted of the older adults of Sirjan; therefore, the generalization of the results to other older people should be done with caution. It was impossible to determine cause and effect relationships due to the cross-sectional nature of the study and lack of knowledge of the lead-lag relationship between variables. In this study, all older people were living at home; therefore, the generalization of results to the older people living in nursing homes should be done with caution. Most of the quantitative research studies conducted on the older group reported their situation with numbers and did not mention the relationship between the variables. Studies similar to the present research were rare, so further comparison and analysis were impossible.

5. Conclusions

The study results showed a direct and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality among older adults. If older adults choose a healthy lifestyle, they will benefit from a sense of self-esteem and vitality. Nurses and other healthcare providers should promote the self-esteem and vitality of the older adults and try to minimize and limit what negatively affects these two components. With the support of managers and planners, we can help older adults to promote a healthy lifestyle. We suggest geriatric experts to focus more on these two components and their relationship with healthy lifestyle.

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Disclosure

This article is a part of the master’s thesis of Mrs. Parniya Abolghaseminejad, which was implemented at Kerman University of Medical Sciences (A). A preprint has previously been published (Abolghaseminejad P., Borhaninejad V., Khanjani N., Saber M., and Alizadeh D., 2022) [68].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

All the authors appreciate and thank the officials of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and comprehensive health centers of Sirjan for this project. The authors are also grateful to all the older adults who participated in this project. The authors thank Kerman University of Medical Sciences for providing part of the cost of this research.

References

T. Rakhshani, D. Shojaiezadeh, K. B. Lankarani, F. Rakhshani, M. H. Kaveh, and N. Zare, “The association of health-promoting lifestyle with quality of life among the Iranian elderly,” Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, vol. 16, no. 9, Article ID 18404, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Borhaninejad, L. Kazazi, M. Haghi, and N. Chehrehnegar, “Quality of life and its related factors among elderly with diabetes,” Salmand, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 162–173, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Maghsoudi, F. Mohammadi Bavariani, S. Salim, E. Nejad-Haghighi, H. Arabi, and Z. Foruzanfar, “The association between health promoting behaviors and quality of life in the elderly people of Ewaz, 2014-2015,” NAVIDNo, vol. 19, no. 62, pp. 16–23, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Moeini, F. Rezapor Shakolaei, T. Etesami Frad, G. Roshanaei, and H. Abasi, “Relationship between quality of life and life style health promotion behaviors in the elderly,” Journal of Education and Community Health, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 105–110, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Rashedi, M. Gharib, and A. A. Yazdani, “Social participation and mental health among older adults in Iran,” Iran Rehabilit Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 9–13, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Movahedi, F. Khamseh, A. Ebadi, and Z. Haji amini, “The impact of healthy lifestyle multimedia education on elderly life promotion,” Joge, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 45–52, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ershadi Sarabi, M. Ghassabichorsi, and B. Moslemizadeh, “Assessment of educational needs of elderly people in sirjan about healthy lifestyle, 2018-2019,” Journal of Gerontology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 68–78, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
M. H. Taghdisi, P. Doshmangir, T. Dehdari, and L. Doshmangir, “Influencing factors on healthy lifestyle from viewpoint of ederly people: qualitative study,” Iranian Journal of Ageing, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 47–58, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Hekmatpou, M. Shamsi, and M. Zamani, “The effect of healthy lifestyle educational programs on the quality of life of the elderly in arak,” Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Sahebzamani, M. Fesharaki, and Z. Abdollahi Mofrad, “Association of life style and self-esteem among adolescent girls of daily public high schools of Tehran,” Medical Sciences Journal, vol. 20, pp. 45–51, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Oliveira, Â. Ladeira, L. Giacomin, N. Pivetta, M. Antunes, and R. Batista, “Depressão, autoestima e motivação de idosos para a prática de exercícios físicos,” Psicol Saúde Doenças, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 803–811, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
D. M. D. S. Tavares, T. G. C. Matias, P. C. D. S. Ferreira, M. S. Pegorari, J. S. Nascimento, and M. M. Paiva, “Qualidade de vida e autoestima de idosos na comunidade,” Ciência and Saúde Coletiva, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 3557–3564, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. M. Spadoni-Pacheco and G. A. Carvalho, “Quality of life and self-esteem in elderly patients who did or did not have cosmetic surgery,” Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (RBCP)–Brazilian Journal of Plastic Sugery, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 528–535, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Šare, M. Ljubičić, I. Gusar, S. Čanović, and S. Konjevoda, “Self-esteem, anxiety, and depression in older people in nursing homes,” Healthcare, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 1035, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. A. Ogihara, “A decline in self-esteem in adults over 50 is not found in Japan: age differences in self-esteem from young adulthood to old age,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 274, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Karki, A. Sapkota, S. Jajko, and D. R. Singh, “Socio-demographic variables related to self-esteem, psychological stress and health-related quality of life among older adults: a cross-sectional study in Kavrepalanchowk district of Nepal,” SAGE Open Medicine, vol. 9, Article ID 205031212110564, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Chen, K. Zheng, W. Xia, Q. Wang, Z. Liao, and Y. Zheng, “Does inside equal outside? Relations between older adults’ implicit and explicit aging attitudes and self-esteem,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, p. 2313, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Ingrand, M. Paccalin, E. Liuu, R. Gil, and P. Ingrand, “Positive perception of aging is a key predictor of quality-of-life in aging people,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 10, Article ID e0204044, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Mohammadi, F. Bastani, and R. Hosseini, “Successful aging focused on the dimensions of perceived social support and mental vitality in the elderly referred to the health centers of Iran university of medical Sciences (2020),” Iran Journal of Nursing, vol. 34, no. 131, pp. 55–69, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Ju, “The relationship between physical activity, meaning in life, and subjective vitality in community-dwelling older adults,” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 73, pp. 120–124, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Arabzadeh, “Relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly,” Salmand, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 170–179, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Lara, M. L. Vázquez, A. Ogallar, and D. Godoy-Izquierdo, “Optimism and social support moderate the indirect relationship between self-efficacy and happiness through mental health in the elderly,” Health Psychology Open, vol. 7, no. 2, Article ID 205510292094790, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. S. Meira, A. B. A. Vilela, C. A. Casotti, and D. M. Da Silva, “Autoestima e fatores associados às condições sociais em idosos Self esteem and factors associated with social conditions in the elderly,” Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 738–744, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Mohammadi Mehr, F. Zamani-Alavijeh, A. Hasanzadeh, and T. Fasihi, “Effect of healthy lifestyle educational programs on happiness and life satisfaction in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial study,” Salmand, vol. 13, pp. 440–451, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Barghi Irani, M. Rajabi, M. Nazami, and M. J. Bagiyan Koulemarz, “The role of lifestyle, psychological capital and self-care behaviors in predicting subjective well-being of diabetic elderly peoples,” Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 6, no. 23, pp. 17–38, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
S. R. Eshaghi, Z. Farajzadegan, and A. Babak, “Healty lifestyle assessment questionnaire in elderly: translation, reliability and validity,” Payesh (Health Monitor), vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 91–99, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Selfimage, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 1965.
M. Rosenberg, Conceiving the Self, Basic Books, New York, NY, USA, 1979.
E. Greenberger, C. Chen, J. Dmitrieva, and S. P. Farruggia, “Item-wording and the dimensionality of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale: do they matter?” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1241–1254, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Hojjati, G. Akhonzadeh, S. Hassanalipour, S. Sharifnia, and H. Asayesh, “The effect of reminiscence on the amount of group self-esteem and life satisfaction of the elderly,” The Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 350–356, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Korkmaz Aslan, A. Kartal, İ. Özen Çınar, and N. Koştu, “The relationship between attitudes toward aging and health‐promoting behaviours in older adults,” International Journal of Nursing Practice, vol. 23, no. 6, Article ID e12594, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Rababa, N. Al Ali, and A. Alshaman, “Health promoting behaviors, health needs and associated factors among older adults in Jordan: a cross-sectional study,” International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 106–116, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Li, J. Yu, X. Chen, X. Quan, and L. Zhou, “Correlations between health-promoting lifestyle and health-related quality of life among elderly people with hypertension in Hengyang, Hunan, China,” Medicine (Baltimore), vol. 97, no. 25, Article ID e10937, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Fallah Mehrabadi, M. Pakgohar, S. Asadi, and H. Haghani, “Lifestyle of elderly people with osteoporosis and its related factors,” Salmand, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 132–145, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Shamsadini Lori, K. Pourmohamadi, V. Keshtkaran, S. Ahmadi kashkoli, and M. Pourahmadi, “A survey on the level of the elderly lifestyle in Shiraz,” Health_Based Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 75–84, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Rezaeipandari and M. Morowatisharifabad, “Assessment of psychosocial determinants (Self-Efficacy and social support) of lifestyle in the elderly in Yazd city, Iran, 2015,” Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 51–60, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Alaee, R. Jafari, M. Heravi-Karmooi, and S. Arsang, “Investigation of lifestyle and its related factors in the elderly population in Qom city, 2017 (Iran),” Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 69–77, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Rashedi and M. Bahrami, “Factors related to the health promoting life style among geriatric patients,” Nursing and Midwifery Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 90–98, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
Y.-R. Cheng, “Investigation and countermeasures on the health-promoting lifestyle of the disabled elderly in a rural area,” Chinese Nursing Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 107–109, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Ryszewska-Łabędzka, S. Tobis, S. Kropińska, K. Wieczorowska-Tobis, and D. Talarska, “The association of self-esteem with the level of independent functioning and the primary demographic factors in persons over 60 Years of age,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 1996, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. V. Oliveira, M. A. Nascimento, A. Fernandes, M. Franco, and J. R. A. N. Júnior, “Self-esteem among older adults treated at basic health units and associated factors,” Geriatrics, Gerontology and Aging, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 133–140, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhang, J. Peng, P. Gao et al., “Relationship between meaning in life and death anxiety in the elderly: self-esteem as a mediator,” BMC Geriatrics, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 308, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Tian, “Intergeneration social support affects the subjective well-being of the elderly: mediator roles of self-esteem and loneliness,” Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1137–1144, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Mesa-Fernández, J. Pérez-Padilla, C. Nunes, and S. Menéndez, “Psychological well-being in non-dependent active elderly individuals and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy,” Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 115–124, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Narimani and H. samadifard, “Social health in the elderly: the role of self-esteem, self-efficiency and happiness,” Aging Psychology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 199–206, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Amani, “Happiness in the elderly: the role of self-esteem,” Aging Psychology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 80–73, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Ghadampour, L. Heidaryani, and F. Radmehr, “Investigating the relationship between the meaning of life and self-esteem with the quality of life of the elderly living in the home and living in the nursing home,” Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 315–322, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L.-C. Chang, “Relationship between flow experience and subjective vitality among older adults attending senior centres,” Leisure Studies, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 433–443, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Poordad, K. Momeni, and J. Karami, “The mediation role of social support and happiness on the relationship between gratitude and death anxiety in the elderly,” Journal of Psychological Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 57–80, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Ahmadi, M. A. Soleimani, S. Pahlevan Sharif, and S. A. Motalebi, “Association between perceived social support and happiness among community-dwelling elderly adult,” The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 320–331, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Khalili Tajareh and H. Ahmadiyan, “Investigating the relationship between optimism and subjective vitality with the mediating role of resilience among elderly people,” Shenakht Journal Of Psychology And Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 149–160, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Lalehkani, A. Davati, A. Isanejad, and M. Jadid-Milani, “The correlation between happiness and self-transcendence in the elderly of Khoshkrud, Zarandieh city,” Iran Journal of Nursing, vol. 33, no. 123, pp. 6–22, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Abdi, H. Ahmadian, and L. Saed, “Investigating the effect of life style change-based training on the improvement in self-esteem and decrease BMI among obese women,” Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ), vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1–16, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Abd El-Kader and O. H. Al-Jiffri, “Aerobic exercise improves quality of life, psychological well-being and systemic inflammation in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease,” African Health Sciences, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 1045, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Lee and H. K. Kim, “Effects of health promotion behavior, self-esteem and social participation activities on life satisfaction of elderly men,” Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 368–373, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Vandenberg, J. Advocat, C. Hassed, J. Hester, J. Enticott, and G. Russell, “Mindfulness-based lifestyle programs for the self-management of Parkinson’s disease in Australia,” Health Promotion International, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 668–676, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Knox and J. J. Muros, “Association of lifestyle behaviours with self-esteem through health-related quality of life in Spanish adolescents,” European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 176, no. 5, pp. 621–628, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Rogh, A. Aria, and B. Tajeri, “The relationship between lifestyle and nutritional patterns with self-esteem and mental health in secondary school girl students,” Sociology of Education, vol. 6, pp. 62–68, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Caamaño-Navarrete, P. Ángel Latorre-Román, I. Guzmán-Guzmán, J. Párraga Montilla, D. Jerez-Mayorga, and P. Delgado-Floody, “Lifestyle mediates the relationship between self-esteem and health-related quality of life in Chilean schoolchildren,” Psychology Health and Medicine, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 638–648, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Chen, Y.-F. Liu, G.-D. Huang, and P.-C. Wu, “The relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being in Chinese older people: the mediating role of the sense of meaning in life and self-esteem,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, Article ID 1029587, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Hartman, J. van Dongen, V. Hildebrandt, and J. Strijk, “The role of vitality in the relationship between a healthy lifestyle and societal costs of health care and lost productivity: a mediation analysis,” American Journal of Health Promotion, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 465–474, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Söderbacka, L. Nyström, and L. Fagerström, “Older persons’ experiences of what influences their vitality-A study of 65-and 75-year-olds in Finland and Sweden,” Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 378–387, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Delerue Matos, F. Barbosa, C. Cunha, G. Voss, and F. Correia, “Social isolation, physical inactivity and inadequate diet among European middle-aged and older adults,” BMC Public Health, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 924, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Movahedi, F. Khamseh, A. Ebadi, Z. Haji Amin, and A. Navidian, “Assessment of the lifestyle of the elderly in Tehran,” Journal of Healthcare Protection Management, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 51–59, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Abbasi, S. Daniali, and M. Hazrati, “Lifestyle of fallen elderly patients referred to isfahan hospitals,” Iran Journal of Nursing, vol. 30, no. 107, pp. 20–31, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zarei, A. Ghanbari Moghaddam, K. Aboozade, and M. Mohammadi, “Lifestyle in the elderly People of Sabzevar and its related factors in 2017,” Journal of Geriatric Nursing, vol. 4, no. 3, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Khodabakhshi-Kolaee, “The comparison of health literacy and lifestyle among retired and homemaker older adults’ women,” Journal of Health Literacy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 155–163, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Abolghaseminejad, V. Borhaninejad, N. Khanjani, M. Saber, and D. Alizadeh, “Investigation of the relationship between a healthy lifestyle, self-esteem and subjective vitality of the elderly in Sirjan in 2020,” 2022, https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1542332/v1.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Somayeh Alizadeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

435

Downloads

254

Citations