Research Article
Patient Violence towards Mental Health Nurses: A Concept Analysis
Table 3
Themes derived in the fieldwork phase.
| Category | Theme cluster | Theme |
| Types of violence | Emotional violence | Bullying (e.g., spreading rumours, constantly reminding of patients’ presence, or demanding apologies repeatedly) | Physical violence | Physical assaults (e.g., slapping the cheek, scratching, or pinching) | Physical threats (e.g., throwing something towards the nurse) | Sexual harassment | Physically touching with sexual intention | Verbal insults with sexual intention | Verbal violence | Insults about nurses’ appearance | Swearing at nurses | Verbal threats |
| Antecedents | Predictable factors | Internal factors | External factors | Situational factors | Unpredictable factors | Hard to grasp the reason | Occurred suddenly |
| Consequences | Physical injuries | Physical injuries | Psychological response | Emotional distress | Maintaining physical/psychological safe distances from violent patients | Psychological trauma | Sceptical attitude to their jobs | Seeking support | Disappointed with lousy support from their institution | Seeking emotional support from colleagues |
| Attributes | Common and frequent | Common phenomenon | Frequently occurred | Hiding incidents | Fear of blame from colleagues | Feeling helplessness | Considered their injuries as trivial | Vulnerability of nurses to violence | Accepted patient violence as natural | Blaming the victim | One-sidedness | Responsibility to their patients and profession | Self-criticism |
|
|