Research Article
Patient Violence towards Mental Health Nurses: A Concept Analysis
Table 5
Results of the final analytic phase.
| Category | Items | Indicators |
| Types of violence | Emotional violence | Bullying (e.g., accusing a nurse unfairly, demanding apologies repeatedly, spreading rumours, constantly reminding of patients’ presence, or questioning nurses’ decisions) | Physical violence | Physical assaults | Physical threats | Sexual harassment | Sexual abuse (physical or verbal) | Verbal violence | Verbal abuse | Verbal threats |
| Antecedents | Predictable factors | Internal factors | External factors | Situational factors | Unpredictable factors | Occurred suddenly (unexpected) | Unprovoked |
| Consequences | Physical injuries | Death | Physical injuries (from mild to severe) | Psychological response | Burnout | Emotional distress | Loss of confidence and self-esteem | Maintaining physical/psychological safe distances from violent patients | Psychological trauma | Sceptical attitude to their jobs | Seeking support | Seeking support from their institution | Seeking emotional support from colleagues |
| Attributes | Common and frequent | Common phenomenon | Frequently occurred | Multifactorial | Caused by predictable (internal/external/situational) or unpredictable factors | Intentional or not | Unreported | Did not consider incidents as important | Fear of blaming | Feeling negative emotions | Vulnerability of nurses to violence | A culture that accepts the violence | Blaming the victims | One-sidedness | Responsibility to their patients and profession | Self-criticism |
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