Healthcare Use for Pain in Women Waiting for Gynaecological Surgery
Table 2
Unadjusted and adjusted analysis of association between pain intensity/pain interference and ≥3 visits to the family doctor for pain in the past 12 months.
<3 visits
≥3 visits
Pain intensity model OR (95% CI)
Pain interference model OR (95% CI)
(%)
(%)
Unadjusted
Adjusted (full)
Adjusted (reduced)
Unadjusted
Adjusted (full)
Adjusted (reduced)
Demographic covariates
Age pain interaction term
1.07 (1.02–1.11)
1.09 (1.04–1.14)
1.08 (1.03–1.13)
1.08 (1.04–1.12)
1.10 (1.05–1.15)
1.10 (1.05–1.14)
Marital status
Single/divorced/widowed
133 (80.1)
33 (19.9)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Married
320 (76.2)
100 (23.8)
1.26 (0.81–1.96)
1.58 (0.93–2.67)
1.35 (0.82–2.22)
1.26 (0.81–1.96)
1.59 (0.94–2.70)
1.38 (0.84–2.27)
Employment status
Not employed/retired/other
164 (80.4)
40 (19.6)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
Employed full time or part time
287 (75.3)
94 (24.7)
1.34 (0.89–2.04)
1.26 (0.75–2.12)
1.34 (0.89–2.04)
1.30 (0.77–2.18)
Education
High school diploma or less
146 (78.5)
40 (21.5)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
More than high school
307 (76.8)
93 (23.3)
1.11 (0.73–1.68)
1.08 (0.65–1.80)
1.11 (0.73–1.68)
1.01 (0.61–1.67)
Clinical covariates
BMI
≥30
196 (77.2)
58 (22.8)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
<30
252 (77.1)
75 (22.9)
1.01 (0.68–1.49)
1.10 (0.69–1.74)
1.01 (0.68–1.49)
1.19 (0.75–1.88)
Current smoker
No
369 (79.5)
95 (20.5)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Yes
84 (68.9)
38 (31.1)
1.76 (1.13–2.74)
1.41 (0.85–2.37)
1.41 (0.86–2.32)
1.76 (1.13–2.74)
1.50 (0.90–2.50)
1.46 (0.89–2.40)
Previous abdominal surgery
No
154 (86.0)
25 (14.0)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Yes
296 (73.6)
106 (26.4)
2.21 (1.37–3.56)
2.37 (1.37–4.09)
2.16 (1.28–3.65)
2.21 (1.37–3.56)
2.45 (1.41–4.24)
2.31 (1.37–3.91)
Situational factors
Adjusted days waited
≤8 weeks
272 (77.5)
79 (22.5)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
>8 weeks
180 (76.9)
54 (23.1)
1.03 (0.70–1.53)
0.75 (0.47–1.22)
1.03 (0.70–1.53)
0.81 (0.50–1.30)
Psychological factors
Anxiety and/or depression
No
287 (81.8)
64 (18.2)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
Yes
161 (70.0)
69 (30.0)
1.92 (1.30–2.84)
1.10 (0.69–1.75)
1.92 (1.30–2.84)
1.01 (0.63–1.63)
Physiological factors, gynaecological
Current menstruation status
Not stopped or unsure
258 (74.8)
87 (25.2)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
Stopped surgically or naturally
195 (80.6)
47 (19.4)
0.71 (0.48–1.07)
1.35 (0.73–2.48)
0.71 (0.48–1.07)
1.49 (0.81–2.73)
Taking hormone replacement therapy
No
431 (77.8)
123 (22.2)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
Yes
22 (66.7)
11 (33.3)
1.75 (0.83–3.71)
1.75 (0.73–4.21)
1.75 (0.83–3.71)
1.76 (0.73–4.24)
Birth control pills in the past month
No
415 (77.9)
118 (22.1)
1.0
1.0
NS
1.0
1.0
NS
Yes
33 (71.7)
13 (28.3)
1.39 (0.71–2.72)
1.13 (0.52–2.48)
1.39 (0.71–2.72)
1.22 (0.55–2.67)
Preoperative malignancy status
Possibly/definitely malignant
198 (83.2)
40 (16.8)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Not malignant
254 (73.2)
93 (26.8)
1.81 (1.20–2.74)
1.42 (0.83–2.43)
1.44 (0.89–2.33)
1.81 (1.20–2.74)
1.44 (0.85–2.45)
1.45 (0.90–2.34)
Note: main effects for the interaction term age pain were included in the full and reduced adjusted models; age is as a continuous variable and pain scales (intensity and interference) were categorized at ≤3 or >3. The pain intensity model included the age pain interference interaction term. The pain interference model included the age pain intensity interaction. BPI: Brief Pain Inventory, NA: not applicable, and NS: not selected for final model.
