Healthcare Use for Pain in Women Waiting for Gynaecological Surgery

Table 3

Unadjusted and adjusted analysis of association between pain intensity/pain interference and ≥3 visits to a specialist for pain in the past 12 months.

	<3 visits	≥3 visits	Pain intensity model OR (95% CI)			Pain interference model OR (95% CI)
	(%)	(%)	Unadjusted	Adjusted (full)	Adjusted (reduced)	Unadjusted	Adjusted (full)
Physical symptoms
Pain intensity scale (BPI)
≤3/10	355 (91.0)	35 (9.0)	1.0	1.0	1.0	NA	NA	NA
>3/10	139 (70.9)	57 (29.1)	4.16 (2.61–6.62)	3.34 (2.00–5.56)	3.53 (2.18–5.74)	NA	NA	NA
Pain interference scale (BPI)
≤3/10	354 (90.1)	39 (9.9)	NA	NA	NA	1.0	1.0	1.0
>3/10	140 (72.5)	53 (27.5)	NA	NA	NA	3.44 (2.17–5.43)	2.88 (1.69–4.91)	2.90 (1.79–4.69)
Demographic covariates
Age
Years (mean (SD))	49.2 (11.4)	44.0 (9.6)	0.96 (0.94–0.98)	0.96 (0.93–1.00)	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	0.96 (0.94–0.98)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	0.97 (0.95–1.00)
Marital status
Single/divorced/widowed	144 (86.2)	23 (13.8)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
Married	352 (83.8)	68 (16.2)	1.21 (0.73–2.02)	1.40 (0.79–2.49)		1.21 (0.73–2.02)	1.37 (0.78–2.43)
Employment status
Not employed/retired/other	175 (85.8)	29 (14.2)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
Employed full or part time	319 (83.5)	63 (16.5)	1.19 (0.74–1.92)	1.03 (0.59–1.80)		1.19 (0.74–1.92)	1.03 (0.59–1.80)
Education
High school diploma or less	156 (83.9)	30 (16.1)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
More than high school	339 (84.5)	62 (15.5)	0.95 (0.59–1.53)	0.91 (0.52–1.58)		0.95 (0.59–1.53)	0.89 (0.51–1.53)
Clinical covariates
BMI
≥30	213 (83.9)	41 (16.1)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
<30	278 (84.8)	50 (15.2)	0.93 (0.60–1.47)	0.97 (0.59–1.61)		0.93 (0.60–1.47)	1.00 (0.61–1.66)
Current smoker
No	402 (86.6)	62 (13.4)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	94 (76.4)	29 (23.6)	2.00 (1.22–3.28)	1.63 (0.94–2.83)	1.70 (0.99–2.90)	2.00 (1.22–3.28)	1.72 (1.00–2.98)	1.77 (1.04–3.00)
Previous abdominal surgery
No	161 (89.9)	18 (10.1)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	332 (82.4)	71 (17.6)	1.91 (1.10–3.32)	1.73 (0.94–3.15)	1.69 (0.95–3.00)	1.91 (1.10–3.32)	1.74 (0.95–3.17)	1.72 (0.97–3.04)
Situational factors
Adjusted days waited
≤8 weeks	300 (85.2)	52 (14.8)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
>8 weeks	194 (82.9)	40 (17.1)	1.19 (0.76–1.87)	0.91 (0.54–1.54)		1.19 (0.76–1.87)	0.96 (0.57–1.62)
Psychological factors
Anxiety and/or depression
No	309 (87.8)	43 (12.2)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
Yes	181 (78.7)	49 (21.3)	1.95 (1.24–3.05)	1.21 (0.73–2.02)		1.95 (1.24–3.05)	1.13 (0.67–1.91)
Physiological factors, gynaecological
Current menstruation status
Not stopped or unsure	284 (82.1)	62 (17.9)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
Stopped surgically or naturally	212 (87.6)	30 (12.4)	0.65 (0.40–1.04)	1.19 (0.61–2.32)		0.65 (0.40–1.04)	1.29 (0.66–2.52)
Taking hormone replacement therapy
No	472 (85.0)	83 (15.0)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
Yes	24 (72.7)	9 (27.3)	2.13 (0.96–4.75)	2.14 (0.88–5.19)		2.13 (0.96–4.75)	2.12 (0.88–5.12)
Birth control pills in the past month
No	450 (84.3)	84 (15.7)	1.0	1.0	NS	1.0	1.0	NS
Yes	38 (82.6)	8 (17.4)	1.13 (0.51–2.50)	0.90 (0.36–2.24)		1.13 (0.51–2.50)	0.98 (0.39–2.44)
Preoperative malignancy status
Possibly/definitely malignant	214 (89.5)	25 (10.5)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not malignant	280 (80.7)	67 (19.3)	2.05 (1.25–3.35)	1.56 (0.90–2.68)	1.56 (0.97–2.82)	2.05 (1.25–3.35)	1.60 (0.89–2.88)	1.61 (0.94–2.76)

BPI: Brief Pain Inventory, NA: not applicable, and NS: not selected for final model.