Research Article
Chronic Pain in the Emergency Department: A Pilot Mixed-Methods Cross-Sectional Study Examining Patient Characteristics and Reasons for Presentations
Table 3
Descriptive statistics for all outcome measures.
| | Outcome measure | All 58 patients | Patients with moderate or severe symptoms or above clinical cut-off | | Mean (SD; 95% CI) | Frequency (%) |
| | Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | | | | Average pain intensity | 6.8 (1.7; 6.3–7.2) | 46 (79.3%)1 | | Average pain interference | 7.4 (2.2; 6.9–8.0) | 48 (86.2%)2 | | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 12.2 (7.1; 10.4–14.0) | 33 (56.9%)3 | | Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) | 9.1 (6.7; 7.4–10.8) | 25 (43.1%)4 | | Insomnia Severity Index-7 (ISI-7) | 13.3 (8.4; 11.1–15.5) | 25 (43.1%)5 | | PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) | 33.9 (18.2; 28.4–38.1) | 9 (15.5%)6 | | Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) | 30.1 (14.5; 25.9–33.8) | 30 (51.7%)7 | | Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R) | 16.9 (11.2; 13.7–18.45) | 23 (39.7%)8 |
|
|
BPI pain intensity ratings: moderate pain cut-off = 5 (47).
2BPI Pain Interference: moderate pain interference cut-off = 5 (47).
3PHQ-9 moderate depressive symptoms cut-off = 10 (21).
4GAD-7 moderate anxiety cut-off = 10 (22).
5ISI-7 moderate to severe insomnia cut-off = 15 (24).
6PCL-C cut-off suggestive of posttraumatic stress disorder = 50 (23).
7PCS cut-off indicating high levels of pain catastrophizing = 30 (19).
8SOAPP-R cut-off indicating increased risk of aberrant medication-related behaviours = 18 (20).
|
