Gender Differences in Symptoms, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep Quality, Mental Health, Cognitive Performance, Pain-Cognition, and Positive Health in Spanish Fibromyalgia Individuals: The Al-Ándalus Project
Table 3
Fibromyalgia impact, health-related quality of life, fatigue, and sleep in women and men by presence or absence of fibromyalgia.
Fibromyalgia
Effect size
Nonfibromyalgia
Effect size
Women ()
Men ()
Women ()
Men ()
Mean (SE)
Mean (SE)
Mean (SE)
Mean (SE)
FIQR
Function (0–30)
17.2 (0.3)
16.0 (1.4)
0.380
0.20
2.4 (0.3)
1.3 (0.5)
0.073
0.29
0.926
Overall impact (0–20)
12.7 (0.3)
14.1 (1.1)
0.250
0.26
2.4 (0.3)
2.3 (0.6)
0.932
0.01
0.234
Symptoms score (0–50)
34.8 (0.4)
35.5 (1.7)
0.700
0.09
15.9 (0.5)
15.0 (1.2)
0.503
0.11
0.430
Total score (0–100)
64.7 (0.9)
65.5 (3.6)
0.837
0.05
20.7 (0.9)
18.7 (1.9)
0.339
0.15
0.449
SF-36
Physical component (0–100)
29.5 (0.4)
30.4 (1.5)
0.516
0.15
47.9 (0.6)
50.5 (1.3)
0.065
0.29
0.507
Mental component (0–100)
35.7 (0.6)
33.0 (2.6)
0.325
0.22
48.2 (0.8)
51.4 (1.6)
0.083
0.28
0.068
MFI
General fatigue (4–20)
18.2 (0.1)
18.5 (0.5)
0.523
0.15
10.5 (0.3)
9.4 (0.6)
0.122
0.25
0.166
Physical fatigue (4–20)
16.9 (0.2)
16.7 (0.6)
0.758
0.07
10.2 (0.3)
9.7 (0.6)
0.456
0.12
0.717
Reduced activity (4–20)
13.1 (0.3)
15.3 (1.1)
0.038
0.47
7.6 (0.3)
9.0 (0.6)
0.030
0.35
0.390
Reduced motivation (4–20)
13.3 (0.2)
13.9 (0.8)
0.461
0.17
8.5 (0.2)
7.5 (0.5)
0.072
0.29
0.098
Mental fatigue (4–20)
14.4 (0.1)
14.6 (0.5)
0.625
0.11
11.5 (0.2)
11.7 (0.4)
0.662
0.07
0.939
PSQI
Sleep duration (min/day)
342.1 (4.6)
321.4 (19.1)
0.292
0.24
410.4 (4.8)
410.7 (10.1)
0.979
0.00
0.403
Sleep latency (min/day)
47.9 (2.3)
72.7 (9.7)
0.013
0.57
22.8 (1.8)
21.6 (3.7)
0.769
0.05
0.011
Sleep efficiency (%)
71.1 (1.0)
64.0 (4.0)
0.080
0.40
86.5 (0.9)
87.4 (1.9)
0.666
0.07
0.072
Global score (0–21)
13.3 (0.2)
14.3 (0.8)
0.238
0.27
6.5 (0.3)
6.0 (0.6)
0.403
0.13
0.187
FIQR, Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. MFI, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. SD, standard deviation. SF-36, 36-item Short-Form Health Survey. Differences between women and men groups were performed using linear regression with marital status and current occupational status entered as covariates in fibromyalgia, whereas marital status, current occupational status, and body mass index were used in nonfibromyalgia participants. Effect size statistics are expressed as Cohen’s .
