Gender Differences in Symptoms, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep Quality, Mental Health, Cognitive Performance, Pain-Cognition, and Positive Health in Spanish Fibromyalgia Individuals: The Al-Ándalus Project
Table 4
Mental health, pain-cognition, and cognitive performance in women and men, separated by the presence or absence of fibromyalgia.
Fibromyalgia
Effect size
Nonfibromyalgia
Effect size
Women ()
Men ()
Women ()
Men ()
Mean (SE)
Mean (SE)
Mean (SE)
Mean (SE)
MMSE (0–30)
28.1 (0.1)
28.2 (0.5)
0.948
0.01
28.4 (0.1)
28.6 (0.3)
0.499
0.11
0.843
BDI-II (0–63)
26.7 (0.6)
28.4 (2.6)
0.525
0.14
10.4 (0.6)
6.5 (1.2)
0.004
0.46
0.053
STAI (20–80)
35.4 (0.6)
39.7 (2.7)
0.120
0.35
20.4 (0.8)
15.8 (1.7)
0.013
0.39
0.009
Chronic pain self-efficacy
Copying (0–100)
48.1 (1.1)
42.5 (4.6)
0.238
0.26
72.5 (1.4)
73.5 (3.1)
0.765
0.05
0.177
Function (0–100)
54.5 (1.2)
60.4 (4.8)
0.232
0.27
86.7 (1.4)
88.6 (3.0)
0.572
0.09
0.522
Pain (0–100)
34.0 (1.2)
33.3 (4.9)
0.889
0.03
68.6 (1.7)
66.3 (3.7)
0.575
0.09
0.796
Total score (0–300)
136.6 (2.9)
136.2 (12.0)
0.973
0.01
227.8 (3.8)
228.4 (8.0)
0.944
0.01
0.878
Catastrophizing
Rumination (0–16)
8.6 (0.2)
9.0 (1.0)
0.708
0.08
4.4 (0.3)
4.2 (0.6)
0.813
0.04
0.536
Magnification (0–12)
5.0 (0.2)
5.1 (0.7)
0.885
0.03
2.3 (0.2)
1.9 (0.4)
0.347
0.15
0.391
Hopelessness (0–24)
11.5 (0.3)
12.1 (1.3)
0.677
0.09
4.5 (0.3)
3.7 (0.7)
0.293
0.16
0.302
Total score (0–52)
25.1 (0.7)
26.2 (2.7)
0.712
0.08
11.2 (0.7)
9.9 (1.5)
0.427
0.12
0.353
PASAT
Correct answers (0–60)
32.4 (0.6)
40.0 (2.7)
0.005
0.63
35.1 (0.9)
40.5 (1.9)
0.010
0.40
0.459
Wrong answers (0–60)
7.5 (0.3)
8.2 (1.3)
0.602
0.12
7.8 (0.4)
6.8 (0.8)
0.232
0.19
0.357
Not answered (0–60)
20.1 (0.6)
11.8 (2.4)
0.001
0.77
17.1 (0.8)
12.7 (1.6)
0.016
0.37
0.187
RAVLT
Immediate memory (0–105)
63.0 (0.6)
59.3 (2.7)
0.193
0.29
65.8 (0.9)
60.9 (1.8)
0.015
0.38
0.569
Delayed recall (0–15)
9.6 (0.2)
8.8 (0.7)
0.260
0.25
10.5 (0.2)
9.4 (0.4)
0.016
0.37
0.574
Verbal learning (0–75)
47.7 (0.5)
44.9 (2.0)
0.185
0.30
49.8 (0.6)
45.8 (1.3)
0.006
0.43
0.512
Recognition memory (0–50)
35.5 (0.3)
34.5 (1.2)
0.432
0.18
36.3 (0.4)
35.5 (0.8)
0.366
0.14
0.884
BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II. MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination. PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. SD, standard deviation. Differences between women and men groups were performed using linear regression with marital status and current occupational status entered as covariates in fibromyalgia, whereas marital status, current occupational status, and body mass index were used in nonfibromyalgia participants. Effect size statistics are expressed as Cohen’s .
