Gender Differences in Symptoms, Health-Related Quality of Life, Sleep Quality, Mental Health, Cognitive Performance, Pain-Cognition, and Positive Health in Spanish Fibromyalgia Individuals: The Al-Ándalus Project

Table 5

Psychological positive health in women and men, separated by the presence or absence of fibromyalgia.

	Fibromyalgia			Effect size	Nonfibromyalgia			Effect size
	Women ()	Men ()			Women ()	Men ()
	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)			Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)
LOTR
Optimism (0–12)	6.9 (0.1)	6.2 (0.6)	0.240	0.27	8.3 (0.2)	8.5 (0.4)	0.768	0.05	0.186
Pessimism (0–12)	6.6 (0.1)	5.8 (0.6)	0.199	0.29	7.5 (0.2)	7.4 (0.4)	0.770	0.05	0.404
PANAS
Positive affect (10–50)	22.7 (0.4)	21.8 (1.5)	0.560	0.13	30.9 (0.6)	30.3 (1.2)	0.648	0.07	0.898
Negative affect (10–50)	24.6 (0.5)	27.5 (1.9)	0.139	0.34	17.8 (0.4)	16.3 (0.9)	0.131	0.24	0.049
SWLS
Satisfaction with life (5–25)	14.0 (0.2)	13.1 (1.0)	0.402	0.19	17.9 (0.3)	17.6 (0.6)	0.615	0.08	0.536
TMMS
Emotional repair (8–40)	22.9 (0.4)	20.3 (1.6)	0.130	0.34	26.9 (0.5)	27.0 (1.1)	0.954	0.01	0.206

LOT-R, Life Orientation Test Revised. PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. SE, standard error. SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale. TMMS, Trait Metamood Scale. Differences between women and men groups were performed using linear regression with marital status and current occupational status entered as covariates in fibromyalgia, whereas marital status, current occupational status, and body mass index were used in nonfibromyalgia participants. Effect size statistics are expressed as Cohen’s .