The Cognitive Functions in Adults with Chronic Pain: A Comparative Study

Table 2

Demographic and individual variables of the participants.

Demographic variables of participants	Group 1; chronic pain]	Group 2; pain-free]	value; cumulative]
Age [years]
Mean	39.9	35.0	0.086
SD	12.1	10.6
Gender [, %]
Male	7 [17.5]	7 [24.0]	0.506
Female	33 [82.5]	22 [76.0]
Marital status [, %]
Singled	9 [22.5]	8 [27.6]	0.348
Married	28 [70.0]	19 [65.5]
Divorced/widow	3 [7.5]	2 [6.8]
Years of education [, %]
High school	8 [20.0]	7 [24.1]	0.900
Some college	13 [32.5]	7 [24.1]
Bachelor or above	19 [47.5]	15 [51.8]
Income [, %]
Low	19 [47.5]	12 [41.4]	0.691
Moderate	17 [42.5]	14 [48.3]
High	4 [10.0]	3 [10.3]
Occupation [, %]
House wife	5 [12.5]	2 [6.9]	0.053
Retired [medical]	5 [12.5]	0 [0.0]
Student	3 [7.5]	5 [17.2]
Teacher	5 [12.5]	4 [13.8]
Office work	17 [42.5]	16 [55.2]
Technician	5 [12.5]	2 [6.9]
Psychosocial variables [Mean ± SD]
Depression	4.05 ± 3.2	3.38 ± 2.6	0.365
Anxiety	4.88 ± 2.8	3.59 ± 2.4	0.051
Stress	5.0 ± 3.2	3.4 ± 2.4	0.032
Quality of life	7.28 ± 2.2	7.5 ± 1.7	0.627
Duration of pain [, %]
Less than 5 years	22 [55.0]	—	—
More than 5 years	18 [45.0]
Type of pain [, %]
Musculoskeletal [one joint]	4 [10.0]	—	—
Musculoskeletal [multiple joints]	13 [32.5]
Musculoskeletal [back only]	8 [20.0]
Internal [visceral]	5 [12.5]
Headache	6 [15.0]
More than one type	4 [10.0]
Pain medication, nonopioid [, %]
Yes	18 [45.0]	—	—
No	22 [55.0]

Note: SD: standard deviation; .