Effect of Tramadol/Acetaminophen on Motivation in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

Table 1

Patients’ demographics.

Variable	Total	Tramadol	Celecoxib
	()	()	()
Age (years)	70.9 ± 12.3	71 ± 11.5	70.4 ± 13	0.37
Male/female	23/50	12/24	11/26	0.74
Pain duration (months)	50 ± 54.5	49.6 ± 58.3	50.7 ± 52.4	0.47
Apathy Scale (points)	15.8 ± 6.6	16.2 ± 5.3	15.5 ± 6.1	0.47
NRS	7.1 ± 1.9	7.5 ± 1.4	6.9 ± 2.1	0.08
RDQ (points)	12.2 ± 5.9	12.3 ± 5.7	12.1 ± 5.4	0.92
PDAS (points)	29.8 ± 15.3	31.7 ± 15.5	28.6 ± 15.3	0.56
HADS anxiety (points)	7.8 ± 4.6	8.1 ± 4.6	7.6 ± 4.1	0.63
HADS depression (points)	7.2 ± 4.0	7.2 ± 3.8	7.1 ± 3.8	0.89
PCS (points)	35.1 ± 12.9	35.1 ± 12	35.1 ± 12.1	0.99

NRS: numerical rating scale; RDQ: Rolland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; PDAS: Pain Disability Assessment Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale; data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.