Spinal Cord Stimulation in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: Effects on Posture and Gait—A Preliminary 3D Biomechanical Study

Table 2

Panel (A) shows delta value ± standard error (SE) and value (-test) for Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) items, Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) before and after implantation of SCS devices. Panel (B) shows delta value ± standard error (SE) and value (-test) for spatial-temporal parameters from the Davis protocol. Panel (C) shows delta value ± standard error (SE) and value (-test) for the 3D analysis speed index during lateral and frontal banding of the trunk.

Clinical scales			Gait parameters				3D trunk banding speed index
SF-36			Speed (m/sec)				Lateral (m/sec)
Physical functioning			Stance phase	R			R	Outward
Physical health				L				Return
Limitation
Emotional problem			Swing phase	R			L	Outward
Energy/fatigue				L				Return
Emotional well-being Being			Cadence (step/min)				Frontal (m/sec)
Social functioning			Step length (m)					Forward
			Stride	R				Backward
General health				L
Health status				Symmetry (% cycle)
VAS
HAM-D
Panel (A)			Panel (B)				Panel (C)