Adherence to All Steps of a Pain Management Protocol in Intensive Care Patients after Cardiac Surgery Is Hard to Achieve

Figure 1

Pain management protocol after cardiac surgery. patient: haemodynamically stable, acceptable leakage through thoracic drains, adequate time after muscle relaxation, and adequate core temperature; NRS: numeric rating scale, RASS: Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale, ICU: intensive care unit, and 1(a, b, c, d), 2, and 3: items concerning adherence to the pain protocol referred to in the Results.