Chronic Pain in the Emergency Department: A Pilot Interdisciplinary Program Demonstrates Improvements in Disability, Psychosocial Function, and Healthcare Utilization
Table 2
Change in pain and psychosocial function from baseline to 12 months.
Variable
Baseline M (SD)
12-months M (SD)
MDiff 95% (LCI: UCI)
t-value
Cohen d
Effect size convention1
Pain interference
6.09 (2.51)
4.68 (2.41)
−1.41 (−0.07: −2.74)
2.06
0.71
Minimum PSE
Worst pain last 24-hours
7.71 (2.09)
6.02 (2.14)
−1.69 (−0.12: −3.28)
2.18
0.74
Minimum PSE
Least pain last 24 hours
3.64 (2.68)
3.12 (2.04)
−0.52 (0.92: −1.96)
0.71
0.31
—
Average pain last 24 hours
5.64 (2.09)
3.67 (2.32)
−1.97 (−0.76: −3.18)
3.28
1.31
Medium PSE
Pain right now
5.71 (2.13)
4.53 (2.24)
−1.18 (0.14: −2.50)
1.76†
0.69
Minimum PSE
Anxiety
9.28 (6.41)
5.46 (3.42)
−3.82 (0.70: −8.34)
1.66†
0.45
Minimum PSE
Depressed mood
12.43 (7.25)
7.31 (3.01)
−5.12 (−1.54: −8.70)
2.80
0.98
Minimum PSE
Insomnia severity
16.86 (5.11)
11.40 (5.38)
−5.46 (−2.28: −8.64)
3.37
1.00
Minimum PSE
Health-related quality of life
0.65 (0.07)
0.74 (0.08)
0.14 (0.09: 0.18)
3.15
1.74
Medium PSE
Self-report health
4.17 (1.91)
6.02 (1.18)
−1.85 (−2.98: −0.72)
3.21
0.98
Minimum PSE
Pain catastrophizing
29.86 (11.73)
14.18 (7.41)
−15.68 (−6.89: −24.46)
3.50
0.91
Minimum PSE
SOAPP-R
23.36 (10.84)
15.83 (5.97)
−7.53 (−3.24: −11.80)
3.45
1.49
Medium PSE
Self-report medical visits in past 3 months for chronic pain
8.43 (5.37)
3.40 (2.09)
−5.03 (−2.10: −7.95)
3.37
1.09
Minimum PSE
ED visits in past 12 months
28.64 (18.32)
5.14 (7.10)
−23.50 (−12.77: −34.23)
4.29
1.23
Medium PSE
Note. N = 14; df = 13; 7 females; †;;; ED = emergency department; MDiff = mean difference; PE = practically significant effect; PGIC = Patients’ Global Impression of Change; SOAPP-R = Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain–Revised; 1effect size conventions for clinicians and researchers.
