Effects of Exercise Training Combined with Increased Physical Activity to Prevent Chronic Pain in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 1
Participants’ baseline characteristics.
Characteristics
Intervention group
Control group
value
Age (years)
78.3 ± 5.8
78.3 ± 6.5
0.956
Female, n (%)
29 (76.3)
29 (76.3)
0.999
Height (cm)
150.7 ± 7.6
152.5 ± 7.0
0.303
Weight (kg)
50.3 ± 9.0
52.6 ± 8.9
0.252
Total number of pain sites
1.7 ± 1.5
2.0 ± 2.0
0.566
NRS at the site of maximum pain
2.4 ± 2.2
2.7 ± 2.4
0.555
CST (s)
7.7 ± 2.7
7.4 ± 2.0
0.544
TUG (s)
7.6 ± 1.6
7.6 ± 1.6
0.938
GDS-15 score (points)
3.2 ± 3.5
2.7 ± 2.9
0.497
PCS total score (points)
23.3 ± 13.1
23.4 ± 11.1
0.963
Rumination score (points)
11.0 ± 6.1
10.8 ± 4.7
0.850
Helplessness score (points)
7.2 ± 4.7
7.6 ± 4.3
0.704
Magnification score (points)
5.1 ± 3.7
5.2 ± 3.3
0.974
Daily step counts (steps)
4533.1 ± 2515.8
4030.2 ± 2266.5
0.363
Mild activity times (s)
2471.7 ± 1368.2
2382.8 ± 1158.3
0.762
Moderate activity times (s)
484.9 ± 683.0
303.0 ± 442.0
0.157
Heavy activity times (s)
17.2 ± 26.0
20.0 ± 49.7
0.761
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; CST: Chair Stand Test; TUG: Timed Up-and-Go test; GDS-15: 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
