Effects of Exercise Training Combined with Increased Physical Activity to Prevent Chronic Pain in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Group comparisons of outcome measures during the intervention period.
Item
Intervention group
Control group
Time-by-group interaction
Preintervention
After 12 weeks
Mean difference
Preintervention
After 12 weeks
Mean difference
F value
value
Total number of pain sites
1.7 ± 1.4
1.3 ± 1.1a
−0.3 ± 1.0
2.0 ± 2.0
2.2 ± 1.6
0.2 ± 1.7
2.622
0.110
NRS at the site of maximum pain
2.3 ± 2.1
2.1 ± 1.6a
−0.2 ± 1.5
2.7 ± 2.4
3.6 ± 2.4b
0.9 ± 3.2
3.642
0.060
CST (s)
7.7 ± 2.8
7.0 ± 2.5b
−0.7 ± 1.4
7.4 ± 2.0
6.7 ± 1.8b
−0.7 ± 1.0
0.012
0.913
TUG (s)
7.6 ± 1.7
7.0 ± 1.3b
−0.6 ± 1.0
7.6 ± 1.6
7.2 ± 1.7b
−0.5 ± 0.7
0.529
0.469
GDS-15 score (points)
3.0 ± 3.3
2.5 ± 3.1
−0.5 ± 2.0
2.7 ± 2.9
2.6 ± 2.4
−0.1 ± 2.3
0.490
0.486
PCS total score (points)
23.0 ± 13.3
20.8 ± 11.5
−2.2 ± 8.1
23.4 ± 11.1
23.6 ± 12.9
0.2 ± 10.2
1.200
0.277
Rumination score (points)
10.7 ± 6.2
9.6 ± 5.4
−1.1 ± 3.8
10.8 ± 4.7
11.3 ± 5.4
0.5 ± 4.9
2.271
0.136
Helplessness score (points)
7.2 ± 4.8
7.0 ± 4.1
−0.2 ± 3.8
7.6 ± 4.3
7.5 ± 4.9
−0.1 ± 4.5
0.005
0.947
Magnification score (points)
4.9 ± 3.6
4.2 ± 2.9
−0.7 ± 2.2
5.2 ± 3.3
4.9 ± 3.2
−0.3 ± 2.5
0.660
0.419
Daily step counts (steps)
4312.9 ± 2392.5
5175.7 ± 3126.1ab
862.8 ± 1933.9
4030.2 ± 2266.5
3918.6 ± 1870.3
−111.6 ± 1630.9
5.445
0.022
Mild activity times (s)
2394.2 ± 1399.9
2774.8 ± 1550.8b
457.7 ± 1037.3
2382.8 ± 1158.3
2385.0 ± 1049.1
2.2 ± 844.2
3.218
0.077
Moderate activity times (s)
428.1 ± 545.1
555.3 ± 689.8a
143.9 ± 422.9
303.0 ± 442.0
255.7 ± 286.0
−47.3 ± 341.4
3.801
0.055
Heavy activity times (s)
16.6 ± 26.9
18.1 ± 29.4
1.6 ± 31.2
20.0 ± 49.7
20.5 ± 40.8
0.5 ± 35.1
0.016
0.900
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; CST: Chair Stand Test; TUG: Timed Up-and-Go test; GDS-15: 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale. aSignificant group difference ,bSignificant preintervention to postintervention difference .
