Xm2 Scores for Estimating Total Exposure to Multimodal Strategies Identified by Pharmacists for Managing Pain: Validity Testing and Clinical Relevance
Table 1
Demographic characteristics and pain outcomes of study participants.
Characteristic
Total (n = 149)
Xm2 score (points)
value
Low (<16) (n = 73)
High (≥16) (n = 76)
Baseline pain (n = 121) mean (standard deviation)
6.9 (2.1)
6.2 (2.1)
7.5 (1.9)
<0.01
Age (n = 146) mean (standard deviation)
52.5 (13.9)
52.5 (13.8)
52.4 (14.1)
0.94
Sex, female (n = 147) N (%)
77 (52.4)
36 (50.0)
41 (54.7)
0.57
Race, white (n = 146) N (%)
131 (89.7)
64 (90.1)
67 (89.3)
0.87
Disability (n = 147) N (%)
16 (10.9)
2 (2.8)
14 (18.7)
<0.01
Health status (n = 148) N (%)
Poor/fair
26 (17.6)
10 (13.9)
16 (21.1)
0.25
Good/excellent
122 (82.4)
62 (86.1)
60 (79.0)
Marital status, married (n = 143) N (%)
110 (76.9)
56 (81.2)
54 (73.0)
0.25
Employment status, employed (n = 148) N (%)
124 (83.8)
58 (80.6)
66 (86.8)
0.30
Primary professional practice site (n = 147) N (%)
Community
58 (39.5)
24 (33.3)
34 (45.3)
0.26
Hospital
25 (17.0)
12 (16.7)
13 (17.3)
Other
64 (43.5)
36 (50.0)
28 (37.3)
Completed continuing education on pain management (n = 146) N (%)
128 (87.7)
59 (81.9)
69 (93.2)
0.04
Years practiced (n = 146) mean (standard deviation)
24.8 (14.5)
25.1 (15.0)
24.4 (14.1)
0.77
Hospital admissions in last five years due to pain (n = 149) N (%)
10 (6.7)
2 (2.7)
8 (10.5)
0.10
Emergency department visits in last five years due to pain (n = 148) N (%)
20 (13.5)
5 (6.9)
15 (20.0)
0.02
Adverse events from any strategies used (n = 147) N (%)
62 (42.2)
23 (31.9)
39 (52.0)
0.01
Pain interference on daily activities (n = 148) N (%)
92 (62.2)
39 (53.4)
53 (70.7)
0.03
Pain interference on leisure activities (n = 148) N (%)
86 (58.1)
35 (48.0)
51 (68.0)
0.01
Pain interference on relationships (n = 149) N (%)
57 (38.3)
22 (30.1)
35 (46.1)
<0.05
Pain interference on work (n = 148) N (%)
61 (41.2)
23 (31.5)
38 (50.7)
0.02
Satisfaction with pain management strategies (n = 149) N (%)
112 (75.2)
61 (83.6)
51 (67.1)
0.02
Workdays lost in last six months due to pain (n = 138) N (%)
28 (20.3)
6 (8.6)
22 (32.4)
<0.01
Pain intensity after treatment (n = 136) mean (standard deviation)
3.2 (2.2)
3.0 (2.3)
3.3 (2.1)
0.54
Percent pain relief from all strategies (n = 149) mean (standard deviation)
69.1 (20.4)
70.8 (20.8)
67.4 (20.1)
0.32
All comparisons conducted between low- and high-exposure groups using t-test for baseline pain, age, and years practiced and chi-squared test for all remaining variables.
