Temporomandibular Disorders among Dutch Adolescents: Prevalence and Biological, Psychological, and Social Risk Indicators
Table 2
Single and multiple logistic regression models for the prediction of TMD pain among Dutch adolescents.
Single regression
P-to-Exit
Multiple regression ()
value
OR
95% CI
value
OR
95% CI
Biological items
Female gender
1,964
<0.001
1.66
1.42–1.94
0.008
1.29
1.07–1.55
Age (years)
4,106
<0.001
1.12
1.06–1.17
<0.001
1.11
1.05–1.17
Smoking cigarettes (positive)
559
<0.001
1.60
1.31–1.95
0.467
—
—
—
Drinking alcohol (positive)
2,044
<0.001
1.49
1.29–1.73
0.097
—
—
—
Sleep bruxism (positive)
631
<0.001
1.76
1.45–2.14
<0.001
1.60
1.29–1.98
Awake bruxism (positive)
372
<0.001
1.93
1.53–2.44
0.262
—
—
—
Chewing gum (positive)
3,938
n.s.
1.00
0.74–1.36
Biting nails (positive)
2,100
n.s.
0.95
0.82–1.10
Biting pencils (positive)
1,816
<0.001
1.34
1.16–1.55
0.435
—
—
—
Biting lips and/or cheeks (positive)
2,409
<0.001
1.69
1.45–1.97
0.003
1.33
1.10–1.61
Psychological items
Being stressed (positive)
1,679
<0.001
2.33
1.97–2.74
<0.001
1.60
1.28–1.99
Feeling sad (positive)
2,025
<0.001
2.14
1.84–2.48
<0.001
1.55
1.27–1.88
Social items
Non-Dutch ethnicity
738
n.s.
0.97
0.80–1.18
Highest educational level
1,848
n.s.
1.03
0.88–1.19
Associations are expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For each removed predictor variable, the P-to-Exit is reported; n.s. = not significant. Significance levels are 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.
