Development of a Multimodal Analgesia Protocol for Perioperative Acute Pain Management for Lower Limb Amputation

Table 1

Multimodal analgesia: pharmacological components.

	Type	Examples
Principle	Regional anesthesia	Central neuraxial or peripheral nerve block
		Single-shot or continuous catheter
		+/− local infiltration analgesia
	Opioid analgesics	Oxycodone, morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone
	Systemic nonopioid analgesics	Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Adjuvants	Gabapentinoids	Gabapentin, pregabalin
	N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists	Ketamine, memantidine, dextromethorphan, magnesium
	Alpha-2 adrenergic agents	Clonidine
	Glucocorticoids	Dexamethasone
	Others	Antidepressant, calcitonin, nicotine, capsaicin, cannabinoid, lidocaine